docs: checkpatch: Document and segregate more checkpatch message types

Add and document more checkpatch message types. About 50% of all
message types are documented now.

In addition to this:

- Create a new subsection 'Indentation and Line Breaks'.
- Rename subsection 'Comment style' to simply 'Comments'.
- Refactor some of the existing types to appropriate subsections.

Reviewed-by: Lukas Bulwahn <lukas.bulwahn@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Lukas Bulwahn <lukas.bulwahn@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Dwaipayan Ray <dwaipayanray1@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210614141132.6881-1-dwaipayanray1@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>

1 files changed, 328 insertions, 71 deletions

diff --git a/Documentation/dev-tools/checkpatch.rst b/Documentation/dev-tools/checkpatch.rst
index 87b859f321de..f0956e9ea2d8 100644
--- a/Documentation/dev-tools/checkpatch.rst
+++ b/Documentation/dev-tools/checkpatch.rst
@@ -298,10 +298,148 @@ API usage
 
     See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/deprecated.html#simple-strtol-simple-strtoll-simple-strtoul-simple-strtoull
 
+  **CONSTANT_CONVERSION**
+    Use of __constant_<foo> form is discouraged for the following functions::
+
+      __constant_cpu_to_be[x]
+      __constant_cpu_to_le[x]
+      __constant_be[x]_to_cpu
+      __constant_le[x]_to_cpu
+      __constant_htons
+      __constant_ntohs
+
+    Using any of these outside of include/uapi/ is not preferred as using the
+    function without __constant_ is identical when the argument is a
+    constant.
+
+    In big endian systems, the macros like __constant_cpu_to_be32(x) and
+    cpu_to_be32(x) expand to the same expression::
+
+      #define __constant_cpu_to_be32(x) ((__force __be32)(__u32)(x))
+      #define __cpu_to_be32(x)          ((__force __be32)(__u32)(x))
+
+    In little endian systems, the macros __constant_cpu_to_be32(x) and
+    cpu_to_be32(x) expand to __constant_swab32 and __swab32.  __swab32
+    has a __builtin_constant_p check::
+
+      #define __swab32(x)				\
+        (__builtin_constant_p((__u32)(x)) ?	\
+        ___constant_swab32(x) :			\
+        __fswab32(x))
+
+    So ultimately they have a special case for constants.
+    Similar is the case with all of the macros in the list.  Thus
+    using the __constant_... forms are unnecessarily verbose and
+    not preferred outside of include/uapi.
+
+    See: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1400106425.12666.6.camel@joe-AO725/
+
+  **DEPRECATED_API**
+    Usage of a deprecated RCU API is detected.  It is recommended to replace
+    old flavourful RCU APIs by their new vanilla-RCU counterparts.
+
+    The full list of available RCU APIs can be viewed from the kernel docs.
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/RCU/whatisRCU.html#full-list-of-rcu-apis
+
+  **DEPRECATED_VARIABLE**
+    EXTRA_{A,C,CPP,LD}FLAGS are deprecated and should be replaced by the new
+    flags added via commit f77bf01425b1 ("kbuild: introduce ccflags-y,
+    asflags-y and ldflags-y").
+
+    The following conversion scheme maybe used::
+
+      EXTRA_AFLAGS    ->  asflags-y
+      EXTRA_CFLAGS    ->  ccflags-y
+      EXTRA_CPPFLAGS  ->  cppflags-y
+      EXTRA_LDFLAGS   ->  ldflags-y
+
+    See:
+
+      1. https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20070930191054.GA15876@uranus.ravnborg.org/
+      2. https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1313384834-24433-12-git-send-email-lacombar@gmail.com/
+      3. https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/kbuild/makefiles.html#compilation-flags
+
+  **DEVICE_ATTR_FUNCTIONS**
+    The function names used in DEVICE_ATTR is unusual.
+    Typically, the store and show functions are used with <attr>_store and
+    <attr>_show, where <attr> is a named attribute variable of the device.
+
+    Consider the following examples::
+
+      static DEVICE_ATTR(type, 0444, type_show, NULL);
+      static DEVICE_ATTR(power, 0644, power_show, power_store);
+
+    The function names should preferably follow the above pattern.
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/driver-model/device.html#attributes
+
+  **DEVICE_ATTR_RO**
+    The DEVICE_ATTR_RO(name) helper macro can be used instead of
+    DEVICE_ATTR(name, 0444, name_show, NULL);
+
+    Note that the macro automatically appends _show to the named
+    attribute variable of the device for the show method.
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/driver-model/device.html#attributes
+
+  **DEVICE_ATTR_RW**
+    The DEVICE_ATTR_RW(name) helper macro can be used instead of
+    DEVICE_ATTR(name, 0644, name_show, name_store);
+
+    Note that the macro automatically appends _show and _store to the
+    named attribute variable of the device for the show and store methods.
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/driver-model/device.html#attributes
+
+  **DEVICE_ATTR_WO**
+    The DEVICE_AATR_WO(name) helper macro can be used instead of
+    DEVICE_ATTR(name, 0200, NULL, name_store);
+
+    Note that the macro automatically appends _store to the
+    named attribute variable of the device for the store method.
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/driver-model/device.html#attributes
+
+  **DUPLICATED_SYSCTL_CONST**
+    Commit d91bff3011cf ("proc/sysctl: add shared variables for range
+    check") added some shared const variables to be used instead of a local
+    copy in each source file.
+
+    Consider replacing the sysctl range checking value with the shared
+    one in include/linux/sysctl.h.  The following conversion scheme may
+    be used::
+
+      &zero     ->  SYSCTL_ZERO
+      &one      ->  SYSCTL_ONE
+      &int_max  ->  SYSCTL_INT_MAX
+
+    See:
+
+      1. https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20190430180111.10688-1-mcroce@redhat.com/
+      2. https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20190531131422.14970-1-mcroce@redhat.com/
+
+  **ENOSYS**
+    ENOSYS means that a nonexistent system call was called.
+    Earlier, it was wrongly used for things like invalid operations on
+    otherwise valid syscalls.  This should be avoided in new code.
+
+    See: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/5eb299021dec23c1a48fa7d9f2c8b794e967766d.1408730669.git.luto@amacapital.net/
+
+  **ENOTSUPP**
+    ENOTSUPP is not a standard error code and should be avoided in new patches.
+    EOPNOTSUPP should be used instead.
+
+    See: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20200510182252.GA411829@lunn.ch/
+
+  **EXPORT_SYMBOL**
+    EXPORT_SYMBOL should immediately follow the symbol to be exported.
+
   **IN_ATOMIC**
     in_atomic() is not for driver use so any such use is reported as an ERROR.
-    Also in_atomic() is often used to determine if we may sleep, but it is not
-    reliable in this use model therefore its use is strongly discouraged.
+    Also in_atomic() is often used to determine if sleeping is permitted,
+    but it is not reliable in this use model.  Therefore its use is
+    strongly discouraged.
 
     However, in_atomic() is ok for core kernel use.
 
@@ -335,8 +473,8 @@ API usage
     See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/timers/timers-howto.html#delays-information-on-the-various-kernel-delay-sleep-mechanisms
 
 
-Comment style
--------------
+Comments
+--------
 
   **BLOCK_COMMENT_STYLE**
     The comment style is incorrect.  The preferred style for multi-
@@ -362,6 +500,21 @@ Comment style
 
     See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#commenting
 
+  **DATA_RACE**
+    Applications of data_race() should have a comment so as to document the
+    reasoning behind why it was deemed safe.
+
+    See: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20200401101714.44781-1-elver@google.com/
+
+  **FSF_MAILING_ADDRESS**
+    Kernel maintainers reject new instances of the GPL boilerplate paragraph
+    directing people to write to the FSF for a copy of the GPL, since the
+    FSF has moved in the past and may do so again.
+    So do not write paragraphs about writing to the Free Software Foundation's
+    mailing address.
+
+    See: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20131006222342.GT19510@leaf/
+
 
 Commit message
 --------------
@@ -394,6 +547,13 @@ Commit message
 
     See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/submitting-patches.html#describe-your-changes
 
+  **EMAIL_SUBJECT**
+    Naming the tool that found the issue is not very useful in the
+    subject line.  A good subject line summarizes the change that
+    the patch brings.
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/submitting-patches.html#describe-your-changes
+
   **FROM_SIGN_OFF_MISMATCH**
     The author's email does not match with that in the Signed-off-by:
     line(s). This can be sometimes caused due to an improperly configured
@@ -482,6 +642,87 @@ Comparison style
     side of the test should be avoided.
 
 
+Indentation and Line Breaks
+---------------------------
+
+  **CODE_INDENT**
+    Code indent should use tabs instead of spaces.
+    Outside of comments, documentation and Kconfig,
+    spaces are never used for indentation.
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#indentation
+
+  **DEEP_INDENTATION**
+    Indentation with 6 or more tabs usually indicate overly indented
+    code.
+
+    It is suggested to refactor excessive indentation of
+    if/else/for/do/while/switch statements.
+
+    See: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1328311239.21255.24.camel@joe2Laptop/
+
+  **SWITCH_CASE_INDENT_LEVEL**
+    switch should be at the same indent as case.
+    Example::
+
+      switch (suffix) {
+      case 'G':
+      case 'g':
+              mem <<= 30;
+              break;
+      case 'M':
+      case 'm':
+              mem <<= 20;
+              break;
+      case 'K':
+      case 'k':
+              mem <<= 10;
+              fallthrough;
+      default:
+              break;
+      }
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#indentation
+
+  **LONG_LINE**
+    The line has exceeded the specified maximum length.
+    To use a different maximum line length, the --max-line-length=n option
+    may be added while invoking checkpatch.
+
+    Earlier, the default line length was 80 columns.  Commit bdc48fa11e46
+    ("checkpatch/coding-style: deprecate 80-column warning") increased the
+    limit to 100 columns.  This is not a hard limit either and it's
+    preferable to stay within 80 columns whenever possible.
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#breaking-long-lines-and-strings
+
+  **LONG_LINE_STRING**
+    A string starts before but extends beyond the maximum line length.
+    To use a different maximum line length, the --max-line-length=n option
+    may be added while invoking checkpatch.
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#breaking-long-lines-and-strings
+
+  **LONG_LINE_COMMENT**
+    A comment starts before but extends beyond the maximum line length.
+    To use a different maximum line length, the --max-line-length=n option
+    may be added while invoking checkpatch.
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#breaking-long-lines-and-strings
+
+  **TRAILING_STATEMENTS**
+    Trailing statements (for example after any conditional) should be
+    on the next line.
+    Statements, such as::
+
+      if (x == y) break;
+
+    should be::
+
+      if (x == y)
+              break;
+
+
 Macros, Attributes and Symbols
 ------------------------------
 
@@ -546,6 +787,9 @@ Macros, Attributes and Symbols
 
     See: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CA+55aFycQ9XJvEOsiM3txHL5bjUc8CeKWJNR_H+MiicaddB42Q@mail.gmail.com/
 
+  **DO_WHILE_MACRO_WITH_TRAILING_SEMICOLON**
+    do {} while(0) macros should not have a trailing semicolon.
+
   **INIT_ATTRIBUTE**
     Const init definitions should use __initconst instead of
     __initdata.
@@ -614,6 +858,48 @@ Functions and Variables
 
     See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#naming
 
+  **CONST_CONST**
+    Using `const <type> const *` is generally meant to be
+    written `const <type> * const`.
+
+  **CONST_STRUCT**
+    Using const is generally a good idea.  Checkpatch reads
+    a list of frequently used structs that are always or
+    almost always constant.
+
+    The existing structs list can be viewed from
+    `scripts/const_structs.checkpatch`.
+
+    See: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/alpine.DEB.2.10.1608281509480.3321@hadrien/
+
+  **EMBEDDED_FUNCTION_NAME**
+    Embedded function names are less appropriate to use as
+    refactoring can cause function renaming.  Prefer the use of
+    "%s", __func__ to embedded function names.
+
+    Note that this does not work with -f (--file) checkpatch option
+    as it depends on patch context providing the function name.
+
+  **FUNCTION_ARGUMENTS**
+    This warning is emitted due to any of the following reasons:
+
+      1. Arguments for the function declaration do not follow
+         the identifier name.  Example::
+
+           void foo
+           (int bar, int baz)
+
+         This should be corrected to::
+
+           void foo(int bar, int baz)
+
+      2. Some arguments for the function definition do not
+         have an identifier name.  Example::
+
+           void foo(int)
+
+         All arguments should have identifier names.
+
   **FUNCTION_WITHOUT_ARGS**
     Function declarations without arguments like::
 
@@ -647,6 +933,13 @@ Functions and Variables
 Permissions
 -----------
 
+  **DEVICE_ATTR_PERMS**
+    The permissions used in DEVICE_ATTR are unusual.
+    Typically only three permissions are used - 0644 (RW), 0444 (RO)
+    and 0200 (WO).
+
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/filesystems/sysfs.html#attributes
+
   **EXECUTE_PERMISSIONS**
     There is no reason for source files to be executable.  The executable
     bit can be removed safely.
@@ -708,13 +1001,6 @@ Spacing and Brackets
 
         = { [0...10] = 5 }
 
-  **CODE_INDENT**
-    Code indent should use tabs instead of spaces.
-    Outside of comments, documentation and Kconfig,
-    spaces are never used for indentation.
-
-    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#indentation
-
   **CONCATENATED_STRING**
     Concatenated elements should have a space in between.
     Example::
@@ -760,29 +1046,6 @@ Spacing and Brackets
 
     See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#spaces
 
-  **SWITCH_CASE_INDENT_LEVEL**
-    switch should be at the same indent as case.
-    Example::
-
-      switch (suffix) {
-      case 'G':
-      case 'g':
-              mem <<= 30;
-              break;
-      case 'M':
-      case 'm':
-              mem <<= 20;
-              break;
-      case 'K':
-      case 'k':
-              mem <<= 10;
-              /* fall through */
-      default:
-              break;
-      }
-
-    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#indentation
-
   **TRAILING_WHITESPACE**
     Trailing whitespace should always be removed.
     Some editors highlight the trailing whitespace and cause visual
@@ -791,7 +1054,7 @@ Spacing and Brackets
     See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#spaces
 
   **UNNECESSARY_PARENTHESES**
-    Parentheses are not required in the following cases::
+    Parentheses are not required in the following cases:
 
       1. Function pointer uses::
 
@@ -842,40 +1105,46 @@ Others
     The patch seems to be corrupted or lines are wrapped.
     Please regenerate the patch file before sending it to the maintainer.
 
+  **CVS_KEYWORD**
+    Since linux moved to git, the CVS markers are no longer used.
+    So, CVS style keywords ($Id$, $Revision$, $Log$) should not be
+    added.
+
+  **DEFAULT_NO_BREAK**
+    switch default case is sometimes written as "default:;".  This can
+    cause new cases added below default to be defective.
+
+    A "break;" should be added after empty default statement to avoid
+    unwanted fallthrough.
+
   **DOS_LINE_ENDINGS**
     For DOS-formatted patches, there are extra ^M symbols at the end of
     the line.  These should be removed.
 
-  **FSF_MAILING_ADDRESS**
-    Kernel maintainers reject new instances of the GPL boilerplate paragraph
-    directing people to write to the FSF for a copy of the GPL, since the
-    FSF has moved in the past and may do so again.
-    So do not write paragraphs about writing to the Free Software Foundation's
-    mailing address.
+  **DT_SCHEMA_BINDING_PATCH**
+    DT bindings moved to a json-schema based format instead of
+    freeform text.
 
-    See: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20131006222342.GT19510@leaf/
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/devicetree/bindings/writing-schema.html
 
-  **LONG_LINE**
-    The line has exceeded the specified maximum length. Consider refactoring
-    it.
-    To use a different maximum line length, the --max-line-length=n option
-    may be added while invoking checkpatch.
+  **DT_SPLIT_BINDING_PATCH**
+    Devicetree bindings should be their own patch.  This is because
+    bindings are logically independent from a driver implementation,
+    they have a different maintainer (even though they often
+    are applied via the same tree), and it makes for a cleaner history in the
+    DT only tree created with git-filter-branch.
 
-    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#breaking-long-lines-and-strings
+    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/devicetree/bindings/submitting-patches.html#i-for-patch-submitters
 
-  **LONG_LINE_STRING**
-    A string starts before but extends beyond the maximum line length.
-    To use a different maximum line length, the --max-line-length=n option
-    may be added while invoking checkpatch.
+  **EMBEDDED_FILENAME**
+    Embedding the complete filename path inside the file isn't particularly
+    useful as often the path is moved around and becomes incorrect.
 
-    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#breaking-long-lines-and-strings
+  **FILE_PATH_CHANGES**
+    Whenever files are added, moved, or deleted, the MAINTAINERS file
+    patterns can be out of sync or outdated.
 
-  **LONG_LINE_COMMENT**
-    A comment starts before but extends beyond the maximum line length.
-    To use a different maximum line length, the --max-line-length=n option
-    may be added while invoking checkpatch.
-
-    See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html#breaking-long-lines-and-strings
+    So MAINTAINERS might need updating in these cases.
 
   **MEMSET**
     The memset use appears to be incorrect.  This may be caused due to
@@ -895,17 +1164,5 @@ Others
 
     See: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/license-rules.html
 
-  **TRAILING_STATEMENTS**
-    Trailing statements (for example after any conditional) should be
-    on the next line.
-    Like::
-
-      if (x == y) break;
-
-    should be::
-
-      if (x == y)
-              break;
-
   **TYPO_SPELLING**
     Some words may have been misspelled.  Consider reviewing them.