path: root/Documentation/hid/hidintro.rst

.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

======================================
Introduction to HID report descriptors
======================================

This chapter is meant to give a broad overview of what HID report
descriptors are, and of how a casual (non-kernel) programmer can deal
with HID devices that are not working well with Linux.

.. contents::
    :local:
    :depth: 2

.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 2

   hidreport-parsing


Introduction
============

HID stands for Human Interface Device, and can be whatever device you
are using to interact with a computer, be it a mouse, a touchpad, a
tablet, a microphone.

Many HID devices work out the box, even if their hardware is different.
For example, mice can have any number of buttons; they may have a
wheel; movement sensitivity differs between different models, and so
on. Nonetheless, most of the time everything just works, without the
need to have specialized code in the kernel for every mouse model
developed since 1970.

This is because modern HID devices do advertise their capabilities
through the *HID report descriptor*, a fixed set of bytes describing
exactly what *HID reports* may be sent between the device and the host
and the meaning of each individual bit in those reports. For example,
a HID Report Descriptor may specify that "in a report with ID 3 the
bits from 8 to 15 is the delta x coordinate of a mouse".

The HID report itself then merely carries the actual data values
without any extra meta information. Note that HID reports may be sent
from the device ("Input Reports", i.e. input events), to the device
("Output Reports" to e.g. change LEDs) or used for device configuration
("Feature reports"). A device may support one or more HID reports.

The HID subsystem is in charge of parsing the HID report descriptors,
and converts HID events into normal input device interfaces (see
Documentation/hid/hid-transport.rst). Devices may misbehave because the
HID report descriptor provided by the device is wrong, or because it
needs to be dealt with in a special way, or because some special
device or interaction mode is not handled by the default code.

The format of HID report descriptors is described by two documents,
available from the `USB Implementers Forum <https://www.usb.org/>`_
`HID web page <https://www.usb.org/hid>`_ address:

 * the `HID USB Device Class Definition
   <https://www.usb.org/document-library/device-class-definition-hid-111>`_ (HID Spec from now on)
 * the `HID Usage Tables <https://usb.org/document-library/hid-usage-tables-14>`_ (HUT from now on)

The HID subsystem can deal with different transport drivers
(USB, I2C, Bluetooth, etc.). See Documentation/hid/hid-transport.rst.

Parsing HID report descriptors
==============================

The current list of HID devices can be found at ``/sys/bus/hid/devices/``.
For each device, say ``/sys/bus/hid/devices/0003\:093A\:2510.0002/``,
one can read the corresponding report descriptor::

  $ hexdump -C /sys/bus/hid/devices/0003\:093A\:2510.0002/report_descriptor
  00000000  05 01 09 02 a1 01 09 01  a1 00 05 09 19 01 29 03  |..............).|
  00000010  15 00 25 01 75 01 95 03  81 02 75 05 95 01 81 01  |..%.u.....u.....|
  00000020  05 01 09 30 09 31 09 38  15 81 25 7f 75 08 95 03  |...0.1.8..%.u...|
  00000030  81 06 c0 c0                                       |....|
  00000034

Optional: the HID report descriptor can be read also by
directly accessing the hidraw driver [#hidraw]_.

The basic structure of HID report descriptors is defined in the HID
spec, while HUT "defines constants that can be interpreted by an
application to identify the purpose and meaning of a data field in a
HID report". Each entry is defined by at least two bytes, where the
first one defines what type of value is following and is described in
the HID spec, while the second one carries the actual value and is
described in the HUT.

HID report descriptors can, in principle, be painstakingly parsed by
hand, byte by byte.

A short introduction on how to do this is sketched in
Documentation/hid/hidreport-parsing.rst; you only need to understand it
if you need to patch HID report descriptors.

In practice you should not parse HID report descriptors by hand; rather,
you should use an existing parser. Among all the available ones

  * the online `USB Descriptor and Request Parser
    <http://eleccelerator.com/usbdescreqparser/>`_;
  * `hidrdd <https://github.com/abend0c1/hidrdd>`_,
    that provides very detailed and somewhat verbose descriptions
    (verbosity can be useful if you are not familiar with HID report
    descriptors);
  * `hid-tools <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/libevdev/hid-tools>`_,
    a complete utility set that allows, among other things,
    to record and replay the raw HID reports and to debug
    and replay HID devices.
    It is being actively developed by the Linux HID subsystem maintainers.

Parsing the mouse HID report descriptor with `hid-tools
<https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/libevdev/hid-tools>`_ leads to
(explanations interposed)::

    $ ./hid-decode /sys/bus/hid/devices/0003\:093A\:2510.0002/report_descriptor
    # device 0:0
    # 0x05, 0x01,		     // Usage Page (Generic Desktop)	    0
    # 0x09, 0x02,		     // Usage (Mouse)			    2
    # 0xa1, 0x01,		     // Collection (Application)	    4
    # 0x09, 0x01,		     // Usage (Pointer)		    	    6
    # 0xa1, 0x00,		     // Collection (Physical)  	    	    8
    # 0x05, 0x09, 		     //	Usage Page (Button)		   10

what follows is a button ::

    # 0x19, 0x01, 		     //	Usage Minimum (1)		   12
    # 0x29, 0x03, 		     //	Usage Maximum (3)		   14

first button is button number 1, last button is button number 3 ::

    # 0x15, 0x00, 		     //	Logical Minimum (0)		   16
    # 0x25, 0x01, 		     //	Logical Maximum (1)		   18

each button can send values from 0 up to including 1
(i.e. they are binary buttons) ::

    # 0x75, 0x01, 		     //	Report Size (1) 		   20

each button is sent as exactly one bit ::

    # 0x95, 0x03, 		     //	Report Count (3)		   22

and there are three of those bits (matching the three buttons) ::

    # 0x81, 0x02, 		     //	Input (Data,Var,Abs)		   24

it's actual Data (not constant padding), they represent
a single variable (Var) and their values are Absolute (not relative);
See HID spec Sec. 6.2.2.5 "Input, Output, and Feature Items" ::

    # 0x75, 0x05, 		     //	Report Size (5) 		   26

five additional padding bits, needed to reach a byte ::

    # 0x95, 0x01, 		     //	Report Count (1)		   28

those five bits are repeated only once ::

    # 0x81, 0x01, 		     //	Input (Cnst,Arr,Abs)		   30

and take Constant (Cnst) values i.e. they can be ignored. ::

    # 0x05, 0x01,		     // Usage Page (Generic Desktop)       32
    # 0x09, 0x30,		     // Usage (X)			   34
    # 0x09, 0x31,		     // Usage (Y)			   36
    # 0x09, 0x38,		     // Usage (Wheel) 		    	   38

The mouse has also two physical positions (Usage (X), Usage (Y))
and a wheel (Usage (Wheel)) ::

    # 0x15, 0x81, 		     //	Logical Minimum (-127)  	   40
    # 0x25, 0x7f, 		     //	Logical Maximum (127)		   42

each of them can send values ranging from -127 up to including 127 ::

    # 0x75, 0x08, 		     //	Report Size (8) 		   44

which is represented by eight bits ::

    # 0x95, 0x03, 		     //	Report Count (3)		   46

and there are three of those eight bits, matching X, Y and Wheel. ::

    # 0x81, 0x06,		     // Input (Data,Var,Rel)  	    	   48

This time the data values are Relative (Rel), i.e. they represent
the change from the previously sent report (event) ::

    # 0xc0,			     // End Collection 		    	   50
    # 0xc0,			     // End Collection  		   51
    #
    R: 52 05 01 09 02 a1 01 09 01 a1 00 05 09 19 01 29 03 15 00 25 01 75 01 95 03 81 02 75 05 95 01 81 01 05 01 09 30 09 31 09 38 15 81 25 7f 75 08 95 03 81 06 c0 c0
    N: device 0:0
    I: 3 0001 0001


This Report Descriptor tells us that the mouse input will be
transmitted using four bytes: the first one for the buttons (three
bits used, five for padding), the last three for the mouse X, Y and
wheel changes, respectively.

Indeed, for any event, the mouse will send a *report* of four bytes.
We can check the values sent by resorting e.g. to the `hid-recorder`
tool, from `hid-tools <https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/libevdev/hid-tools>`_:
The sequence of bytes sent by clicking and releasing button 1, then button 2, then button 3 is::

  $ sudo ./hid-recorder /dev/hidraw1

  ....
  output of hid-decode
  ....

  #  Button: 1  0  0 | # | X:	 0 | Y:    0 | Wheel:	 0
  E: 000000.000000 4 01 00 00 00
  #  Button: 0  0  0 | # | X:	 0 | Y:    0 | Wheel:	 0
  E: 000000.183949 4 00 00 00 00
  #  Button: 0  1  0 | # | X:	 0 | Y:    0 | Wheel:	 0
  E: 000001.959698 4 02 00 00 00
  #  Button: 0  0  0 | # | X:	 0 | Y:    0 | Wheel:	 0
  E: 000002.103899 4 00 00 00 00
  #  Button: 0  0  1 | # | X:	 0 | Y:    0 | Wheel:	 0
  E: 000004.855799 4 04 00 00 00
  #  Button: 0  0  0 | # | X:    0 | Y:    0 | Wheel:    0
  E: 000005.103864 4 00 00 00 00

This example shows that when button 2 is clicked,
the bytes ``02 00 00 00`` are sent, and the immediately subsequent
event (``00 00 00 00``) is the release of button 2 (no buttons are
pressed, remember that the data values are *absolute*).

If instead one clicks and holds button 1, then clicks and holds button
2, releases button 1, and finally releases button 2, the reports are::

  #  Button: 1  0  0 | # | X:    0 | Y:    0 | Wheel:    0
  E: 000044.175830 4 01 00 00 00
  #  Button: 1  1  0 | # | X:    0 | Y:    0 | Wheel:    0
  E: 000045.975997 4 03 00 00 00
  #  Button: 0  1  0 | # | X:    0 | Y:    0 | Wheel:    0
  E: 000047.407930 4 02 00 00 00
  #  Button: 0  0  0 | # | X:    0 | Y:    0 | Wheel:    0
  E: 000049.199919 4 00 00 00 00

where with ``03 00 00 00`` both buttons are pressed, and with the
subsequent ``02 00 00 00`` button 1 is released while button 2 is still
active.

Output, Input and Feature Reports
---------------------------------

HID devices can have Input Reports, like in the mouse example, Output
Reports, and Feature Reports. "Output" means that the information is
sent to the device. For example, a joystick with force feedback will
have some output; the led of a keyboard would need an output as well.
"Input" means that data come from the device.

"Feature"s are not meant to be consumed by the end user and define
configuration options for the device. They can be queried from the host;
when declared as *Volatile* they should be changed by the host.


Collections, Report IDs and Evdev events
========================================

A single device can logically group data into different independent
sets, called a *Collection*. Collections can be nested and there are
different types of collections (see the HID spec 6.2.2.6
"Collection, End Collection Items" for details).

Different reports are identified by means of different *Report ID*
fields, i.e. a number identifying the structure of the immediately
following report.
Whenever a Report ID is needed it is transmitted as the first byte of
any report. A device with only one supported HID report (like the mouse
example above) may omit the report ID.

Consider the following HID report descriptor::

  05 01 09 02 A1 01 85 01 05 09 19 01 29 05 15 00
  25 01 95 05 75 01 81 02 95 01 75 03 81 01 05 01
  09 30 09 31 16 00 F8 26 FF 07 75 0C 95 02 81 06
  09 38 15 80 25 7F 75 08 95 01 81 06 05 0C 0A 38
  02 15 80 25 7F 75 08 95 01 81 06 C0 05 01 09 02
  A1 01 85 02 05 09 19 01 29 05 15 00 25 01 95 05
  75 01 81 02 95 01 75 03 81 01 05 01 09 30 09 31
  16 00 F8 26 FF 07 75 0C 95 02 81 06 09 38 15 80
  25 7F 75 08 95 01 81 06 05 0C 0A 38 02 15 80 25
  7F 75 08 95 01 81 06 C0 05 01 09 07 A1 01 85 05
  05 07 15 00 25 01 09 29 09 3E 09 4B 09 4E 09 E3
  09 E8 09 E8 09 E8 75 01 95 08 81 02 95 00 81 01
  C0 05 0C 09 01 A1 01 85 06 15 00 25 01 75 01 95
  01 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81
  06 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81 06 09 3F 81
  06 C0 05 0C 09 01 A1 01 85 03 09 05 15 00 26 FF
  00 75 08 95 02 B1 02 C0

After parsing it (try to parse it on your own using the suggested
tools!) one can see that the device presents two ``Mouse`` Application
Collections (with reports identified by Reports IDs 1 and 2,
respectively), a ``Keypad`` Application Collection (whose report is
identified by the Report ID 5) and two ``Consumer Controls`` Application
Collections, (with Report IDs 6 and 3, respectively). Note, however,
that a device can have different Report IDs for the same Application
Collection.

The data sent will begin with the Report ID byte, and will be followed
by the corresponding information. For example, the data transmitted for
the last consumer control::

  0x05, 0x0C,        // Usage Page (Consumer)
  0x09, 0x01,        // Usage (Consumer Control)
  0xA1, 0x01,        // Collection (Application)
  0x85, 0x03,        //   Report ID (3)
  0x09, 0x05,        //   Usage (Headphone)
  0x15, 0x00,        //   Logical Minimum (0)
  0x26, 0xFF, 0x00,  //   Logical Maximum (255)
  0x75, 0x08,        //   Report Size (8)
  0x95, 0x02,        //   Report Count (2)
  0xB1, 0x02,        //   Feature (Data,Var,Abs,No Wrap,Linear,Preferred State,No Null Position,Non-volatile)
  0xC0,              // End Collection

will be of three bytes: the first for the Report ID (3), the next two
for the headphone, with two (``Report Count (2)``) bytes
(``Report Size (8)``), each ranging from 0 (``Logical Minimum (0)``)
to 255 (``Logical Maximum (255)``).

All the Input data sent by the device should be translated into
corresponding Evdev events, so that the remaining part of the stack can
know what is going on, e.g. the bit for the first button translates into
the ``EV_KEY/BTN_LEFT`` evdev event and relative X movement translates
into the ``EV_REL/REL_X`` evdev event".

Events
======

In Linux, one ``/dev/input/event*`` is created for each ``Application
Collection``. Going back to the mouse example, and repeating the
sequence where one clicks and holds button 1, then clicks and holds
button 2, releases button 1, and finally releases button 2, one gets::

  $ sudo libinput record /dev/input/event1
  # libinput record
  version: 1
  ndevices: 1
  libinput:
    version: "1.23.0"
    git: "unknown"
  system:
    os: "opensuse-tumbleweed:20230619"
    kernel: "6.3.7-1-default"
    dmi: "dmi:bvnHP:bvrU77Ver.01.05.00:bd03/24/2022:br5.0:efr20.29:svnHP:pnHPEliteBook64514inchG9NotebookPC:pvr:rvnHP:rn89D2:rvrKBCVersion14.1D.00:cvnHP:ct10:cvr:sku5Y3J1EA#ABZ:"
  devices:
  - node: /dev/input/event1
    evdev:
      # Name: PixArt HP USB Optical Mouse
      # ID: bus 0x3 vendor 0x3f0 product 0x94a version 0x111
      # Supported Events:
      # Event type 0 (EV_SYN)
      # Event type 1 (EV_KEY)
      #   Event code 272 (BTN_LEFT)
      #   Event code 273 (BTN_RIGHT)
      #   Event code 274 (BTN_MIDDLE)
      # Event type 2 (EV_REL)
      #   Event code 0 (REL_X)
      #   Event code 1 (REL_Y)
      #   Event code 8 (REL_WHEEL)
      #   Event code 11 (REL_WHEEL_HI_RES)
      # Event type 4 (EV_MSC)
      #   Event code 4 (MSC_SCAN)
      # Properties:
      name: "PixArt HP USB Optical Mouse"
      id: [3, 1008, 2378, 273]
      codes:
  	0: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15] # EV_SYN
  	1: [272, 273, 274] # EV_KEY
  	2: [0, 1, 8, 11] # EV_REL
  	4: [4] # EV_MSC
      properties: []
    hid: [
      0x05, 0x01, 0x09, 0x02, 0xa1, 0x01, 0x09, 0x01, 0xa1, 0x00, 0x05, 0x09, 0x19, 0x01, 0x29, 0x03,
      0x15, 0x00, 0x25, 0x01, 0x95, 0x08, 0x75, 0x01, 0x81, 0x02, 0x05, 0x01, 0x09, 0x30, 0x09, 0x31,
      0x09, 0x38, 0x15, 0x81, 0x25, 0x7f, 0x75, 0x08, 0x95, 0x03, 0x81, 0x06, 0xc0, 0xc0
    ]
    udev:
      properties:
      - ID_INPUT=1
      - ID_INPUT_MOUSE=1
      - LIBINPUT_DEVICE_GROUP=3/3f0/94a:usb-0000:05:00.3-2
    quirks:
    events:
    # Current time is 12:31:56
    - evdev:
      - [  0,	   0,	4,   4,      30] # EV_MSC / MSC_SCAN		     30 (obfuscated)
      - [  0,	   0,	1, 272,       1] # EV_KEY / BTN_LEFT		      1
      - [  0,	   0,	0,   0,       0] # ------------ SYN_REPORT (0) ---------- +0ms
    - evdev:
      - [  1, 207892,	4,   4,      30] # EV_MSC / MSC_SCAN		     30 (obfuscated)
      - [  1, 207892,	1, 273,       1] # EV_KEY / BTN_RIGHT		      1
      - [  1, 207892,	0,   0,       0] # ------------ SYN_REPORT (0) ---------- +1207ms
    - evdev:
      - [  2, 367823,	4,   4,      30] # EV_MSC / MSC_SCAN		     30 (obfuscated)
      - [  2, 367823,	1, 272,       0] # EV_KEY / BTN_LEFT		      0
      - [  2, 367823,	0,   0,       0] # ------------ SYN_REPORT (0) ---------- +1160ms
    # Current time is 12:32:00
    - evdev:
      - [  3, 247617,	4,   4,      30] # EV_MSC / MSC_SCAN		     30 (obfuscated)
      - [  3, 247617,	1, 273,       0] # EV_KEY / BTN_RIGHT		      0
      - [  3, 247617,   0,   0,       0] # ------------ SYN_REPORT (0) ---------- +880ms

Note: if ``libinput record`` is not available on your system try using
``evemu-record``.

When something does not work
============================

There can be a number of reasons why a device does not behave
correctly. For example

* The HID report descriptor provided by the HID device may be wrong
  because e.g.

  * it does not follow the standard, so that the kernel
    will not able to make sense of the HID report descriptor;
  * the HID report descriptor *does not match* what is actually
    sent by the device (this can be verified by reading the raw HID
    data);
* the HID report descriptor may need some "quirks" (see later on).

As a consequence, a ``/dev/input/event*`` may not be created
for each Application Collection, and/or the events
there may not match what you would expect.


Quirks
------

There are some known peculiarities of HID devices that the kernel
knows how to fix - these are called the HID quirks and a list of those
is available in `include/linux/hid.h`.

Should this be the case, it should be enough to add the required quirk
in the kernel, for the HID device at hand. This can be done in the file
`drivers/hid/hid-quirks.c`. How to do it should be relatively
straightforward after looking into the file.

The list of currently defined quirks, from `include/linux/hid.h`, is

.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/hid.h
   :doc: HID quirks

Quirks for USB devices can be specified while loading the usbhid module,
see ``modinfo usbhid``, although the proper fix should go into
hid-quirks.c and **be submitted upstream**.
See Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst for guidelines on how
to submit a patch. Quirks for other busses need to go into hid-quirks.c.

Fixing HID report descriptors
-----------------------------

Should you need to patch HID report descriptors the easiest way is to
resort to eBPF, as described in Documentation/hid/hid-bpf.rst.

Basically, you can change any byte of the original HID report
descriptor. The examples in samples/hid should be a good starting point
for your code, see e.g. `samples/hid/hid_mouse.bpf.c`::

  SEC("fmod_ret/hid_bpf_rdesc_fixup")
  int BPF_PROG(hid_rdesc_fixup, struct hid_bpf_ctx *hctx)
  {
    ....
       data[39] = 0x31;
       data[41] = 0x30;
    return 0;
  }

Of course this can be also done within the kernel source code, see e.g.
`drivers/hid/hid-aureal.c` or `drivers/hid/hid-samsung.c` for a slightly
more complex file.

Check Documentation/hid/hidreport-parsing.rst if you need any help
navigating the HID manuals and understanding the exact meaning of
the HID report descriptor hex numbers.

Whatever solution you come up with, please remember to **submit the
fix to the HID maintainers**, so that it can be directly integrated in
the kernel and that particular HID device will start working for
everyone else. See Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst for
guidelines on how to do this.


Modifying the transmitted data on the fly
-----------------------------------------

Using eBPF it is also possible to modify the data exchanged with the
device. See again the examples in `samples/hid`.

Again, **please post your fix**, so that it can be integrated in the
kernel!

Writing a specialized driver
----------------------------

This should really be your last resort.


.. rubric:: Footnotes

.. [#hidraw] read hidraw: see Documentation/hid/hidraw.rst and
  file `samples/hidraw/hid-example.c` for an example.
  The output of ``hid-example`` would be, for the same mouse::

    $ sudo ./hid-example
    Report Descriptor Size: 52
    Report Descriptor:
    5 1 9 2 a1 1 9 1 a1 0 5 9 19 1 29 3 15 0 25 1 75 1 95 3 81 2 75 5 95 1 81 1 5 1 9 30 9 31 9 38 15 81 25 7f 75 8 95 3 81 6 c0 c0

    Raw Name: PixArt USB Optical Mouse
    Raw Phys: usb-0000:05:00.4-2.3/input0
    Raw Info:
            bustype: 3 (USB)
            vendor: 0x093a
            product: 0x2510
    ...