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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull timer updates from Thomas Gleixner:
"The timer department delivers this time:
- Support for cross clock domain timestamps in the core code plus a
first user. That allows more precise timestamping for PTP and
later for audio and other peripherals.
The ptp/e1000e patches have been acked by the relevant maintainers
and are carried in the timer tree to avoid merge ordering issues.
- Support for unregistering the current clocksource watchdog. That
lifts a limitation for switching clocksources which has been there
from day 1
- The usual pile of fixes and updates to the core and the drivers.
Nothing outstanding and exciting"
* 'timers-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (26 commits)
time/timekeeping: Work around false positive GCC warning
e1000e: Adds hardware supported cross timestamp on e1000e nic
ptp: Add PTP_SYS_OFFSET_PRECISE for driver crosstimestamping
x86/tsc: Always Running Timer (ART) correlated clocksource
hrtimer: Revert CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW support
time: Add history to cross timestamp interface supporting slower devices
time: Add driver cross timestamp interface for higher precision time synchronization
time: Remove duplicated code in ktime_get_raw_and_real()
time: Add timekeeping snapshot code capturing system time and counter
time: Add cycles to nanoseconds translation
jiffies: Use CLOCKSOURCE_MASK instead of constant
clocksource: Introduce clocksource_freq2mult()
clockevents/drivers/exynos_mct: Implement ->set_state_oneshot_stopped()
clockevents/drivers/arm_global_timer: Implement ->set_state_oneshot_stopped()
clockevents/drivers/arm_arch_timer: Implement ->set_state_oneshot_stopped()
clocksource/drivers/arm_global_timer: Register delay timer
clocksource/drivers/lpc32xx: Support timer-based ARM delay
clocksource/drivers/lpc32xx: Support periodic mode
clocksource/drivers/lpc32xx: Don't use the prescaler counter for clockevents
clocksource/drivers/rockchip: Add err handle for rk_timer_init
...
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Newer GCC versions trigger the following warning:
kernel/time/timekeeping.c: In function ‘get_device_system_crosststamp’:
kernel/time/timekeeping.c:987:5: warning: ‘clock_was_set_seq’ may be used uninitialized in this function [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
if (discontinuity) {
^
kernel/time/timekeeping.c:1045:15: note: ‘clock_was_set_seq’ was declared here
unsigned int clock_was_set_seq;
^
GCC clearly is unable to recognize that the 'do_interp' boolean tracks
the initialization status of 'clock_was_set_seq'.
The GCC version used was:
gcc version 5.3.1 20151207 (Red Hat 5.3.1-2) (GCC)
Work it around by initializing clock_was_set_seq to 0. Compilers that
are able to recognize the code flow will eliminate the unnecessary
initialization.
Acked-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
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https://git.linaro.org/people/john.stultz/linux into timers/core
Pull the cross-timestamp infrastructure from John Stultz.
Allows precise correlation of device timestamps with system time. Primary use
cases being PTP and audio.
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Revert commits:
a6e707ddbdf1: KVM: arm/arm64: timer: Switch to CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
9006a01829a5: hrtimer: Catch illegal clockids
9c808765e88e: hrtimer: Add support for CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
Marc found out, that there are fundamental issues with that patch series
because __hrtimer_get_next_event() and hrtimer_forward() need support for
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW. Nothing which is easily fixed, so revert the whole lot.
Reported-by: Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/56D6CEF0.8060607@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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Another representative use case of time sync and the correlated
clocksource (in addition to PTP noted above) is PTP synchronized
audio.
In a streaming application, as an example, samples will be sent and/or
received by multiple devices with a presentation time that is in terms
of the PTP master clock. Synchronizing the audio output on these
devices requires correlating the audio clock with the PTP master
clock. The more precise this correlation is, the better the audio
quality (i.e. out of sync audio sounds bad).
From an application standpoint, to correlate the PTP master clock with
the audio device clock, the system clock is used as a intermediate
timebase. The transforms such an application would perform are:
System Clock <-> Audio clock
System Clock <-> Network Device Clock [<-> PTP Master Clock]
Modern Intel platforms can perform a more accurate cross timestamp in
hardware (ART,audio device clock). The audio driver requires
ART->system time transforms -- the same as required for the network
driver. These platforms offload audio processing (including
cross-timestamps) to a DSP which to ensure uninterrupted audio
processing, communicates and response to the host only once every
millsecond. As a result is takes up to a millisecond for the DSP to
receive a request, the request is processed by the DSP, the audio
output hardware is polled for completion, the result is copied into
shared memory, and the host is notified. All of these operation occur
on a millisecond cadence. This transaction requires about 2 ms, but
under heavier workloads it may take up to 4 ms.
Adding a history allows these slow devices the option of providing an
ART value outside of the current interval. In this case, the callback
provided is an accessor function for the previously obtained counter
value. If get_system_device_crosststamp() receives a counter value
previous to cycle_last, it consults the history provided as an
argument in history_ref and interpolates the realtime and monotonic
raw system time using the provided counter value. If there are any
clock discontinuities, e.g. from calling settimeofday(), the monotonic
raw time is interpolated in the usual way, but the realtime clock time
is adjusted by scaling the monotonic raw adjustment.
When an accessor function is used a history argument *must* be
provided. The history is initialized using ktime_get_snapshot() and
must be called before the counter values are read.
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: kevin.b.stanton@intel.com
Cc: kevin.j.clarke@intel.com
Cc: hpa@zytor.com
Cc: jeffrey.t.kirsher@intel.com
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Christopher S. Hall <christopher.s.hall@intel.com>
[jstultz: Fixed up cycles_t/cycle_t type confusion]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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synchronization
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: cross timestamp code was developed by Thomas Gleixner
<tglx@linutronix.de>. It has changed considerably and any mistakes are
mine.
The precision with which events on multiple networked systems can be
synchronized using, as an example, PTP (IEEE 1588, 802.1AS) is limited
by the precision of the cross timestamps between the system clock and
the device (timestamp) clock. Precision here is the degree of
simultaneity when capturing the cross timestamp.
Currently the PTP cross timestamp is captured in software using the
PTP device driver ioctl PTP_SYS_OFFSET. Reads of the device clock are
interleaved with reads of the realtime clock. At best, the precision
of this cross timestamp is on the order of several microseconds due to
software latencies. Sub-microsecond precision is required for
industrial control and some media applications. To achieve this level
of precision hardware supported cross timestamping is needed.
The function get_device_system_crosstimestamp() allows device drivers
to return a cross timestamp with system time properly scaled to
nanoseconds. The realtime value is needed to discipline that clock
using PTP and the monotonic raw value is used for applications that
don't require a "real" time, but need an unadjusted clock time. The
get_device_system_crosstimestamp() code calls back into the driver to
ensure that the system counter is within the current timekeeping
update interval.
Modern Intel hardware provides an Always Running Timer (ART) which is
exactly related to TSC through a known frequency ratio. The ART is
routed to devices on the system and is used to precisely and
simultaneously capture the device clock with the ART.
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: kevin.b.stanton@intel.com
Cc: kevin.j.clarke@intel.com
Cc: hpa@zytor.com
Cc: jeffrey.t.kirsher@intel.com
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Christopher S. Hall <christopher.s.hall@intel.com>
[jstultz: Reworked to remove extra structures and simplify calling]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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The code in ktime_get_snapshot() is a superset of the code in
ktime_get_raw_and_real() code. Further, ktime_get_raw_and_real() is
called only by the PPS code, pps_get_ts(). Consolidate the
pps_get_ts() code into a single function calling ktime_get_snapshot()
and eliminate ktime_get_raw_and_real(). A side effect of this is that
the raw and real results of pps_get_ts() correspond to exactly the
same clock cycle. Previously these values represented separate reads
of the system clock.
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: kevin.b.stanton@intel.com
Cc: kevin.j.clarke@intel.com
Cc: hpa@zytor.com
Cc: jeffrey.t.kirsher@intel.com
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Christopher S. Hall <christopher.s.hall@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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In the current timekeeping code there isn't any interface to
atomically capture the current relationship between the system counter
and system time. ktime_get_snapshot() returns this triple (counter,
monotonic raw, realtime) in the system_time_snapshot struct.
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: kevin.b.stanton@intel.com
Cc: kevin.j.clarke@intel.com
Cc: hpa@zytor.com
Cc: jeffrey.t.kirsher@intel.com
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Christopher S. Hall <christopher.s.hall@intel.com>
[jstultz: Moved structure definitions around to clean things up,
fixed cycles_t/cycle_t confusion.]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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The timekeeping code does not currently provide a way to translate
externally provided clocksource cycles to system time. The cycle count
is always provided by the result clocksource read() method internal to
the timekeeping code. The added function timekeeping_cycles_to_ns()
calculated a nanosecond value from a cycle count that can be added to
tk_read_base.base value yielding the current system time. This allows
clocksource cycle values external to the timekeeping code to provide a
cycle count that can be transformed to system time.
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: kevin.b.stanton@intel.com
Cc: kevin.j.clarke@intel.com
Cc: hpa@zytor.com
Cc: jeffrey.t.kirsher@intel.com
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Christopher S. Hall <christopher.s.hall@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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Instead of checking sched_clock_stable from the nohz subsystem to verify
its tick dependency, migrate it to the new mask in order to include it
to the all-in-one check.
Reviewed-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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Instead of providing asynchronous checks for the nohz subsystem to verify
posix cpu timers tick dependency, migrate the latter to the new mask.
In order to keep track of the running timers and expose the tick
dependency accordingly, we must probe the timers queuing and dequeuing
on threads and process lists.
Unfortunately it implies both task and signal level dependencies. We
should be able to further optimize this and merge all that on the task
level dependency, at the cost of a bit of complexity and may be overhead.
Reviewed-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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Instead of providing asynchronous checks for the nohz subsystem to verify
sched tick dependency, migrate sched to the new mask.
Everytime a task is enqueued or dequeued, we evaluate the state of the
tick dependency on top of the policy of the tasks in the runqueue, by
order of priority:
SCHED_DEADLINE: Need the tick in order to periodically check for runtime
SCHED_FIFO : Don't need the tick (no round-robin)
SCHED_RR : Need the tick if more than 1 task of the same priority
for round robin (simplified with checking if more than
one SCHED_RR task no matter what priority).
SCHED_NORMAL : Need the tick if more than 1 task for round-robin.
We could optimize that further with one flag per sched policy on the tick
dependency mask and perform only the checks relevant to the policy
concerned by an enqueue/dequeue operation.
Since the checks aren't based on the current task anymore, we could get
rid of the task switch hook but it's still needed for posix cpu
timers.
Reviewed-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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Instead of providing asynchronous checks for the nohz subsystem to verify
perf event tick dependency, migrate perf to the new mask.
Perf needs the tick for two situations:
1) Freq events. We could set the tick dependency when those are
installed on a CPU context. But setting a global dependency on top of
the global freq events accounting is much easier. If people want that
to be optimized, we can still refine that on the per-CPU tick dependency
level. This patch dooesn't change the current behaviour anyway.
2) Throttled events: this is a per-cpu dependency.
Reviewed-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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It makes nohz tracing more lightweight, standard and easier to parse.
Examples:
user_loop-2904 [007] d..1 517.701126: tick_stop: success=1 dependency=NONE
user_loop-2904 [007] dn.1 518.021181: tick_stop: success=0 dependency=SCHED
posix_timers-6142 [007] d..1 1739.027400: tick_stop: success=0 dependency=POSIX_TIMER
user_loop-5463 [007] dN.1 1185.931939: tick_stop: success=0 dependency=PERF_EVENTS
Suggested-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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The tick dependency is evaluated on every IRQ and context switch. This
consists is a batch of checks which determine whether it is safe to
stop the tick or not. These checks are often split in many details:
posix cpu timers, scheduler, sched clock, perf events.... each of which
are made of smaller details: posix cpu timer involves checking process
wide timers then thread wide timers. Perf involves checking freq events
then more per cpu details.
Checking these informations asynchronously every time we update the full
dynticks state bring avoidable overhead and a messy layout.
Let's introduce instead tick dependency masks: one for system wide
dependency (unstable sched clock, freq based perf events), one for CPU
wide dependency (sched, throttling perf events), and task/signal level
dependencies (posix cpu timers). The subsystems are responsible
for setting and clearing their dependency through a set of APIs that will
take care of concurrent dependency mask modifications and kick targets
to restart the relevant CPU tick whenever needed.
This new dependency engine stays beside the old one until all subsystems
having a tick dependency are converted to it.
Suggested-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Suggested-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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The CLOCKSOURCE_MASK(32) macro expands to the same value, but
makes code more readable.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Kuleshov <kuleshovmail@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1456542854-22104-3-git-send-email-john.stultz@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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It simplifies it and allows wide kick to be performed, even when IRQs
are disabled, without an asynchronous level in the middle.
This comes at a cost of some more overhead on features like perf and
posix cpu timers slow-paths, which is probably not much important
for nohz full users.
Requested-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull timer fixes from Thomas Gleixner:
"The timer departement delivers:
- a regression fix for the NTP code along with a proper selftest
- prevent a spurious timer interrupt in the NOHZ lowres code
- a fix for user space interfaces returning the remaining time on
architectures with CONFIG_TIME_LOW_RES=y
- a few patches to fix COMPILE_TEST fallout"
* 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
tick/nohz: Set the correct expiry when switching to nohz/lowres mode
clocksource: Fix dependencies for archs w/o HAS_IOMEM
clocksource: Select CLKSRC_MMIO where needed
tick/sched: Hide unused oneshot timer code
kselftests: timers: Add adjtimex SETOFFSET validity tests
ntp: Fix ADJ_SETOFFSET being used w/ ADJ_NANO
itimers: Handle relative timers with CONFIG_TIME_LOW_RES proper
posix-timers: Handle relative timers with CONFIG_TIME_LOW_RES proper
timerfd: Handle relative timers with CONFIG_TIME_LOW_RES proper
hrtimer: Handle remaining time proper for TIME_LOW_RES
clockevents/tcb_clksrc: Prevent disabling an already disabled clock
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commit 0ff53d096422 sets the next tick interrupt to the last jiffies update,
i.e. in the past, because the forward operation is invoked before the set
operation. There is no resulting damage (yet), but we get an extra pointless
tick interrupt.
Revert the order so we get the next tick interrupt in the future.
Fixes: commit 0ff53d096422 "tick: sched: Force tick interrupt and get rid of softirq magic"
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <wanpeng.li@hotmail.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1453893967-3458-1-git-send-email-wanpeng.li@hotmail.com
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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Hyper-V vmbus module registers TSC page clocksource when loaded. This is
the clocksource with the highest rating and thus it becomes the watchdog
making unloading of the vmbus module impossible.
Separate clocksource_select_watchdog() from clocksource_enqueue_watchdog()
and use it on clocksource register/rating change/unregister.
After all, lobotomized monkeys may need some love too.
Signed-off-by: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Dexuan Cui <decui@microsoft.com>
Cc: K. Y. Srinivasan <kys@microsoft.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1453483913-25672-1-git-send-email-vkuznets@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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It is way too easy to take any random clockid and feed it to
the hrtimer subsystem. At best, it gets mapped to a monotonic
base, but it would be better to just catch illegal values as
early as possible.
This patch does exactly that, mapping illegal clockids to an
illegal base index, and panicing when we detect the illegal
condition.
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com>
Cc: Tomasz Nowicki <tn@semihalf.com>
Cc: Christoffer Dall <christoffer.dall@linaro.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1452879670-16133-3-git-send-email-marc.zyngier@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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The KVM/ARM timer implementation arms a hrtimer when a vcpu is
blocked (usually because it is waiting for an interrupt)
while its timer is going to kick in the future.
It is essential that this timer doesn't get adjusted, or the
guest will end up being woken-up at the wrong time (NTP running
on the host seems to confuse the hell out of some guests).
In order to allow this, let's add CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW support
to hrtimer (it is so far only supported for posix timers). It also
has the (limited) benefit of fixing de0421d53bfb ("mac80211_hwsim:
shuffle code to prepare for dynamic radios"), which already uses
this functionnality without realizing wasn't implemented (just being
lucky...).
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com>
Cc: Tomasz Nowicki <tn@semihalf.com>
Cc: Christoffer Dall <christoffer.dall@linaro.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1452879670-16133-2-git-send-email-marc.zyngier@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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A couple of functions in kernel/time/tick-sched.c are only
relevant for oneshot timer mode, i.e. when hires-timers or
nohz mode are enabled. If both are disabled, we get gcc warnings
about them:
kernel/time/tick-sched.c:98:16: warning: 'tick_init_jiffy_update' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
static ktime_t tick_init_jiffy_update(void)
^
kernel/time/tick-sched.c:112:13: warning: 'tick_sched_do_timer' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
static void tick_sched_do_timer(ktime_t now)
^
kernel/time/tick-sched.c:134:13: warning: 'tick_sched_handle' defined but not used [-Wunused-function]
static void tick_sched_handle(struct tick_sched *ts, struct pt_regs *regs)
^
This encloses the whole set of functions in an appropriate ifdef
to avoid the warning and to make it clearer when they are used.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1453736525-1959191-1-git-send-email-arnd@arndb.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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Recently, in commit 37cf4dc3370f I forgot to check if the timeval being passed
was actually a timespec (as is signaled with ADJ_NANO).
This resulted in that patch breaking ADJ_SETOFFSET users who set
ADJ_NANO, by rejecting valid timespecs that were compared with
valid timeval ranges.
This patch addresses this by checking for the ADJ_NANO flag and
using the timepsec check instead in that case.
Reported-by: Harald Hoyer <harald@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
Fixes: 37cf4dc3370f "time: Verify time values in adjtimex ADJ_SETOFFSET to avoid overflow"
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Cc: David Herrmann <dh.herrmann@gmail.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1453417415-19110-2-git-send-email-john.stultz@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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* pm-cpuidle:
cpuidle: menu: Avoid pointless checks in menu_select()
sched / idle: Drop default_idle_call() fallback from call_cpuidle()
cpuidle: Don't enable all governors by default
cpuidle: Default to ladder governor on ticking systems
time: nohz: Expose tick_nohz_enabled
cpuidle: menu: Fix menu_select() for CPUIDLE_DRIVER_STATE_START == 0
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As Helge reported for timerfd we have the same issue in itimers. We return
remaining time larger than the programmed relative time to user space in case
of CONFIG_TIME_LOW_RES=y. Use the proper function to adjust the extra time
added in hrtimer_start_range_ns().
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: linux-m68k@lists.linux-m68k.org
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160114164159.528222587@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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As Helge reported for timerfd we have the same issue in posix timers. We
return remaining time larger than the programmed relative time to user space
in case of CONFIG_TIME_LOW_RES=y. Use the proper function to adjust the extra
time added in hrtimer_start_range_ns().
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: linux-m68k@lists.linux-m68k.org
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160114164159.450510905@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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If CONFIG_TIME_LOW_RES is enabled we add a jiffie to the relative timeout to
prevent short sleeps, but we do not account for that in interfaces which
retrieve the remaining time.
Helge observed that timerfd can return a remaining time larger than the
relative timeout. That's not expected and breaks userland test programs.
Store the information that the timer was armed relative and provide functions
to adjust the remaining time. To avoid bloating the hrtimer struct make state
a u8, which as a bonus results in better code on x86 at least.
Reported-and-tested-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: linux-m68k@lists.linux-m68k.org
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160114164159.273328486@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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The cpuidle subsystem needs it.
Signed-off-by: Jean Delvare <jdelvare@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
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http://git.linaro.org/people/daniel.lezcano/linux into timers/urgent
Pull in fixes from Daniel Lezcano:
- Fix the vt8500 timer leading to a system lock up when dealing with too
small delta (Roman Volkov)
- Select the CLKSRC_MMIO when the fsl_ftm_timer is enabled with COMPILE_TEST
(Daniel Lezcano)
- Prevent to compile timers using the 'iomem' API when the architecture has
not HAS_IOMEM set (Richard Weinberger)
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Pull workqueue update from Tejun Heo:
"Workqueue changes for v4.5. One cleanup patch and three to improve
the debuggability.
Workqueue now has a stall detector which dumps workqueue state if any
worker pool hasn't made forward progress over a certain amount of time
(30s by default) and also triggers a warning if a workqueue which can
be used in memory reclaim path tries to wait on something which can't
be.
These should make workqueue hangs a lot easier to debug."
* 'for-4.5' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/wq:
workqueue: simplify the apply_workqueue_attrs_locked()
workqueue: implement lockup detector
watchdog: introduce touch_softlockup_watchdog_sched()
workqueue: warn if memory reclaim tries to flush !WQ_MEM_RECLAIM workqueue
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull timer updates - and a leftover fix - from Thomas Gleixner:
"A rather large (commit wise) update from the timer side:
- A bulk update to make compile tests work in the clocksource drivers
- An overhaul of the h8300 timers
- Some more Y2038 work
- A few overflow prevention checks in the timekeeping/ntp code
- The usual pile of fixes and improvements to the various
clocksource/clockevent drivers and core code"
Also:
"A single fix for the posix-clock poll code which did not make it into
4.4"
* 'timers-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (84 commits)
clocksource/drivers/acpi_pm: Convert to pr_* macros
clocksource: Make clocksource validation work for all clocksources
timekeeping: Cap adjustments so they don't exceed the maxadj value
ntp: Fix second_overflow's input parameter type to be 64bits
ntp: Change time_reftime to time64_t and utilize 64bit __ktime_get_real_seconds
timekeeping: Provide internal function __ktime_get_real_seconds
clocksource/drivers/h8300: Use ioread / iowrite
clocksource/drivers/h8300: Initializer cleanup.
clocksource/drivers/h8300: Simplify delta handling
clocksource/drivers/h8300: Fix timer not overflow case
clocksource/drivers/h8300: Change to overflow interrupt
clocksource/drivers/lpc32: Correct pr_err() output format
clocksource/drivers/arm_global_timer: Fix suspend resume
clocksource/drivers/pistachio: Fix wrong calculated clocksource read value
clockevents/drivers/arm_global_timer: Use writel_relaxed in gt_compare_set
clocksource/drivers/dw_apb_timer: Inline apbt_readl and apbt_writel
clocksource/drivers/dw_apb_timer: Use {readl|writel}_relaxed in critical path
clocksource/drivers/dw_apb_timer: Fix apbt_readl return types
clocksource/drivers/tango-xtal: Replace code by clocksource_mmio_init
clocksource/drivers/h8300: Increase the compilation test coverage
...
* 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
posix-clock: Fix return code on the poll method's error path
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The posix_clock_poll function is supposed to return a bit mask of
POLLxxx values. However, in case the hardware has disappeared (due to
hot plugging for example) this code returns -ENODEV in a futile
attempt to throw an error at the file descriptor level. The kernel's
file_operations interface does not accept such error codes from the
poll method. Instead, this function aught to return POLLERR.
The value -ENODEV does, in fact, contain the POLLERR bit (and almost
all the other POLLxxx bits as well), but only by chance. This patch
fixes code to return a proper bit mask.
Credit goes to Markus Elfring for pointing out the suspicious
signed/unsigned mismatch.
Reported-by: Markus Elfring <elfring@users.sourceforge.net>
igned-off-by: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Julia Lawall <julia.lawall@lip6.fr>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1450819198-17420-1-git-send-email-richardcochran@gmail.com
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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The clocksource validation which makes sure that the newly read value
is not smaller than the last value only works if the clocksource mask
is 64bit, i.e. the counter is 64bit wide. But we want to use that
mechanism also for clocksources which are less than 64bit wide.
So instead of checking whether bit 63 is set, we check whether the
most significant bit of the clocksource mask is set in the delta
result. If it is set, we return 0.
[ tglx: Simplified the implementation, added a comment and massaged
the commit message ]
Suggested-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Yang Yingliang <yangyingliang@huawei.com>
Cc: <linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/56349607.6070708@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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https://git.linaro.org/people/john.stultz/linux into timers/core
Get the core time(keeping) updates from John Stultz
- NTP robustness tweaks
- Another signed overflow nailed down
- More y2038 changes
- Stop alarmtimer after resume
- MAINTAINERS update
- Selftest fixes
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Thus its been occasionally noted that users have seen
confusing warnings like:
Adjusting tsc more than 11% (5941981 vs 7759439)
We try to limit the maximum total adjustment to 11% (10% tick
adjustment + 0.5% frequency adjustment). But this is done by
bounding the requested adjustment values, and the internal
steering that is done by tracking the error from what was
requested and what was applied, does not have any such limits.
This is usually not problematic, but in some cases has a risk
that an adjustment could cause the clocksource mult value to
overflow, so its an indication things are outside of what is
expected.
It ends up most of the reports of this 11% warning are on systems
using chrony, which utilizes the adjtimex() ADJ_TICK interface
(which allows a +-10% adjustment). The original rational for
ADJ_TICK unclear to me but my assumption it was originally added
to allow broken systems to get a big constant correction at boot
(see adjtimex userspace package for an example) which would allow
the system to work w/ ntpd's 0.5% adjustment limit.
Chrony uses ADJ_TICK to make very aggressive short term corrections
(usually right at startup). Which push us close enough to the max
bound that a few late ticks can cause the internal steering to push
past the max adjust value (tripping the warning).
Thus this patch adds some extra logic to enforce the max adjustment
cap in the internal steering.
Note: This has the potential to slow corrections when the ADJ_TICK
value is furthest away from the default value. So it would be good to
get some testing from folks using chrony, to make sure we don't
cause any troubles there.
Cc: Miroslav Lichvar <mlichvar@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Tested-by: Miroslav Lichvar <mlichvar@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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The function "second_overflow" uses "unsign long"
as its input parameter type which will overflow after
year 2106 on 32bit systems.
Thus this patch replaces it with time64_t type.
While the 64-bit division is expensive, "next_ntp_leap_sec"
has been calculated already, so we can just re-use it in the
TIME_INS/DEL cases, allowing one expensive division per
leapsecond instead of re-doing the divsion once a second after
the leap flag has been set.
Signed-off-by: DengChao <chao.deng@linaro.org>
[jstultz: Tweaked commit message]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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The type of static variant "time_reftime" and the call of
get_seconds in ntp are both not y2038 safe.
So change the type of time_reftime to time64_t and replace
get_seconds with __ktime_get_real_seconds.
The local variant "secs" in ntp_update_offset represents
seconds between now and last ntp adjustment, it seems impossible
that this time will last more than 68 years, so keep its type as
"long".
Reviewed-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: DengChao <chao.deng@linaro.org>
[jstultz: Tweaked commit message]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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In order to fix Y2038 issues in the ntp code we will need replace
get_seconds() with ktime_get_real_seconds() but as the ntp code uses
the timekeeping lock which is also used by ktime_get_real_seconds(),
we need a version without locking.
Add a new function __ktime_get_real_seconds() in timekeeping to
do this.
Reviewed-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: DengChao <chao.deng@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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For adjtimex()'s ADJ_SETOFFSET, make sure the tv_usec value is
sane. We might multiply them later which can cause an overflow
and undefined behavior.
This patch introduces new helper functions to simplify the
checking code and adds comments to clarify
Orginally this patch was by Sasha Levin, but I've basically
rewritten it, so he should get credit for finding the issue
and I should get the blame for any mistakes made since.
Also, credit to Richard Cochran for the phrasing used in the
comment for what is considered valid here.
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reported-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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We need to make sure that the offset is valid before manipulating it,
otherwise it might overflow on the multiplication.
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richardcochran@gmail.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
[jstultz: Reworked one of the checks so it makes more sense]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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touch_softlockup_watchdog() is used to tell watchdog that scheduler
stall is expected. One group of usage is from paths where the task
may not be able to yield for a long time such as performing slow PIO
to finicky device and coming out of suspend. The other is to account
for scheduler and timer going idle.
For scheduler softlockup detection, there's no reason to distinguish
the two cases; however, workqueue lockup detector is planned and it
can use the same signals from the former group while the latter would
spuriously prevent detection. This patch introduces a new function
touch_softlockup_watchdog_sched() and convert the latter group to call
it instead. For now, it just calls touch_softlockup_watchdog() and
there's no functional difference.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Ulrich Obergfell <uobergfe@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
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The clocksource watchdog reporting was improved by 0b046b217ad4c6.
I want to add the info of CPU where the watchdog detects a
deviation because it is necessary to identify the trouble spot
if the clocksource is TSC.
Signed-off-by: Seiichi Ikarashi <s.ikarashi@jp.fujitsu.com>
[jstultz: Tweaked commit message]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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1e75fa8 "time: Condense timekeeper.xtime into xtime_sec" replaced a call to
clocksource_cyc2ns() from timekeeping_get_ns() with an open-coded version
of the same logic to avoid keeping a semi-redundant struct timespec
in struct timekeeper.
However, the commit also introduced a subtle semantic change - where
clocksource_cyc2ns() uses purely unsigned math, the new version introduces
a signed temporary, meaning that if (delta * tk->mult) has a 63-bit
overflow the following shift will still give a negative result. The
choice of 'maxsec' in __clocksource_updatefreq_scale() means this will
generally happen if there's a ~10 minute pause in examining the
clocksource.
This can be triggered on a powerpc KVM guest by stopping it from qemu for
a bit over 10 minutes. After resuming time has jumped backwards several
minutes causing numerous problems (jiffies does not advance, msleep()s can
be extended by minutes..). It doesn't happen on x86 KVM guests, because
the guest TSC is effectively frozen while the guest is stopped, which is
not the case for the powerpc timebase.
Obviously an unsigned (64 bit) overflow will only take twice as long as a
signed, 63-bit overflow. I don't know the time code well enough to know
if that will still cause incorrect calculations, or if a 64-bit overflow
is avoided elsewhere.
Still, an incorrect forwards clock adjustment will cause less trouble than
time going backwards. So, this patch removes the potential for
intermediate signed overflow.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org (3.7+)
Suggested-by: Laurent Vivier <lvivier@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Laurent Vivier <lvivier@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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vtime_accounting_cpu_enabled()
vtime_accounting_enabled() checks if vtime is running on the current CPU
and is as such a misnomer. Lets rename it to a function that reflect its
locality. We are going to need the current name for a function that tells
if vtime runs at all on some CPU.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@ezchip.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Hiroshi Shimamoto <h-shimamoto@ct.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Paul E . McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1447948054-28668-6-git-send-email-fweisbec@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
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Before the system go to suspend (S3), if user create a timer
with clockid CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM/CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM and set a
"large" timeout value to this timer. The function
alarmtimer_suspend will be called to setup a timeout value to
RTC timer to avoid the system sleep over time. However, if the
system wakeup early than RTC timeout, the RTC timer will not be
cleared. And this will cause the hpet_rtc_interrupt come
unexpectedly until the RTC timeout. To fix this problem, just
adding alarmtimer_resume to cancel the RTC timer.
This was noticed because the HPET RTC emulation fires an
interrupt every 16ms(=1/2^DEFAULT_RTC_SHIFT) up to the point
where the alarm time is reached.
This program always hits this situation
(https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/11/8/326), if system wake up earlier
than alarm time.
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Zhuo-hao Lee <zhuo-hao.lee@intel.com>
[jstultz: Tweak commit subject & formatting slightly]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
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While going through the nohz code I got stumped by some of it.
This patch adds a few comments clarifying the code; based on discussion
with Thomas.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20151119162106.GO3816@twins.programming.kicks-ass.net
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
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Usually the tick can be stopped for an idle CPU in NOHZ. However in NOHZ_FULL
mode, a non-idle CPU's tick can also be stopped. However, update_cpu_load_nohz()
does not consider the case a non-idle CPU's tick has been stopped at all.
This patch makes the update_cpu_load_nohz() know if the calling path comes
from NOHZ_FULL or idle NOHZ.
Signed-off-by: Byungchul Park <byungchul.park@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1447115762-19734-3-git-send-email-byungchul.park@lge.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull irq and timer fixes from Thomas Gleixner:
- An irq regression fix to restore the wakeup behaviour of chained
interrupts.
- A timer fix for a long standing race versus timers scheduled on a
target cpu which got exposed by recent changes in the workqueue
implementation.
* 'irq-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
genirq/PM: Restore system wake up from chained interrupts
* 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
timers: Use proper base migration in add_timer_on()
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Switch everything to the new and more capable implementation of abs().
Mainly to give the new abs() a bit of a workout.
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
