diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/core-api/index.rst | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/core-api/pin_user_pages.rst | 232 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | include/linux/mm.h | 63 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | mm/gup.c | 164 |
4 files changed, 426 insertions, 34 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/core-api/index.rst b/Documentation/core-api/index.rst index bc0c727d7fd8..a501dc1c90d0 100644 --- a/Documentation/core-api/index.rst +++ b/Documentation/core-api/index.rst @@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ Core utilities generic-radix-tree memory-allocation mm-api + pin_user_pages gfp_mask-from-fs-io timekeeping boot-time-mm diff --git a/Documentation/core-api/pin_user_pages.rst b/Documentation/core-api/pin_user_pages.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..71849830cd48 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/core-api/pin_user_pages.rst @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 + +==================================================== +pin_user_pages() and related calls +==================================================== + +.. contents:: :local: + +Overview +======== + +This document describes the following functions:: + + pin_user_pages() + pin_user_pages_fast() + pin_user_pages_remote() + +Basic description of FOLL_PIN +============================= + +FOLL_PIN and FOLL_LONGTERM are flags that can be passed to the get_user_pages*() +("gup") family of functions. FOLL_PIN has significant interactions and +interdependencies with FOLL_LONGTERM, so both are covered here. + +FOLL_PIN is internal to gup, meaning that it should not appear at the gup call +sites. This allows the associated wrapper functions (pin_user_pages*() and +others) to set the correct combination of these flags, and to check for problems +as well. + +FOLL_LONGTERM, on the other hand, *is* allowed to be set at the gup call sites. +This is in order to avoid creating a large number of wrapper functions to cover +all combinations of get*(), pin*(), FOLL_LONGTERM, and more. Also, the +pin_user_pages*() APIs are clearly distinct from the get_user_pages*() APIs, so +that's a natural dividing line, and a good point to make separate wrapper calls. +In other words, use pin_user_pages*() for DMA-pinned pages, and +get_user_pages*() for other cases. There are four cases described later on in +this document, to further clarify that concept. + +FOLL_PIN and FOLL_GET are mutually exclusive for a given gup call. However, +multiple threads and call sites are free to pin the same struct pages, via both +FOLL_PIN and FOLL_GET. It's just the call site that needs to choose one or the +other, not the struct page(s). + +The FOLL_PIN implementation is nearly the same as FOLL_GET, except that FOLL_PIN +uses a different reference counting technique. + +FOLL_PIN is a prerequisite to FOLL_LONGTERM. Another way of saying that is, +FOLL_LONGTERM is a specific case, more restrictive case of FOLL_PIN. + +Which flags are set by each wrapper +=================================== + +For these pin_user_pages*() functions, FOLL_PIN is OR'd in with whatever gup +flags the caller provides. The caller is required to pass in a non-null struct +pages* array, and the function then pin pages by incrementing each by a special +value. For now, that value is +1, just like get_user_pages*().:: + + Function + -------- + pin_user_pages FOLL_PIN is always set internally by this function. + pin_user_pages_fast FOLL_PIN is always set internally by this function. + pin_user_pages_remote FOLL_PIN is always set internally by this function. + +For these get_user_pages*() functions, FOLL_GET might not even be specified. +Behavior is a little more complex than above. If FOLL_GET was *not* specified, +but the caller passed in a non-null struct pages* array, then the function +sets FOLL_GET for you, and proceeds to pin pages by incrementing the refcount +of each page by +1.:: + + Function + -------- + get_user_pages FOLL_GET is sometimes set internally by this function. + get_user_pages_fast FOLL_GET is sometimes set internally by this function. + get_user_pages_remote FOLL_GET is sometimes set internally by this function. + +Tracking dma-pinned pages +========================= + +Some of the key design constraints, and solutions, for tracking dma-pinned +pages: + +* An actual reference count, per struct page, is required. This is because + multiple processes may pin and unpin a page. + +* False positives (reporting that a page is dma-pinned, when in fact it is not) + are acceptable, but false negatives are not. + +* struct page may not be increased in size for this, and all fields are already + used. + +* Given the above, we can overload the page->_refcount field by using, sort of, + the upper bits in that field for a dma-pinned count. "Sort of", means that, + rather than dividing page->_refcount into bit fields, we simple add a medium- + large value (GUP_PIN_COUNTING_BIAS, initially chosen to be 1024: 10 bits) to + page->_refcount. This provides fuzzy behavior: if a page has get_page() called + on it 1024 times, then it will appear to have a single dma-pinned count. + And again, that's acceptable. + +This also leads to limitations: there are only 31-10==21 bits available for a +counter that increments 10 bits at a time. + +TODO: for 1GB and larger huge pages, this is cutting it close. That's because +when pin_user_pages() follows such pages, it increments the head page by "1" +(where "1" used to mean "+1" for get_user_pages(), but now means "+1024" for +pin_user_pages()) for each tail page. So if you have a 1GB huge page: + +* There are 256K (18 bits) worth of 4 KB tail pages. +* There are 21 bits available to count up via GUP_PIN_COUNTING_BIAS (that is, + 10 bits at a time) +* There are 21 - 18 == 3 bits available to count. Except that there aren't, + because you need to allow for a few normal get_page() calls on the head page, + as well. Fortunately, the approach of using addition, rather than "hard" + bitfields, within page->_refcount, allows for sharing these bits gracefully. + But we're still looking at about 8 references. + +This, however, is a missing feature more than anything else, because it's easily +solved by addressing an obvious inefficiency in the original get_user_pages() +approach of retrieving pages: stop treating all the pages as if they were +PAGE_SIZE. Retrieve huge pages as huge pages. The callers need to be aware of +this, so some work is required. Once that's in place, this limitation mostly +disappears from view, because there will be ample refcounting range available. + +* Callers must specifically request "dma-pinned tracking of pages". In other + words, just calling get_user_pages() will not suffice; a new set of functions, + pin_user_page() and related, must be used. + +FOLL_PIN, FOLL_GET, FOLL_LONGTERM: when to use which flags +========================================================== + +Thanks to Jan Kara, Vlastimil Babka and several other -mm people, for describing +these categories: + +CASE 1: Direct IO (DIO) +----------------------- +There are GUP references to pages that are serving +as DIO buffers. These buffers are needed for a relatively short time (so they +are not "long term"). No special synchronization with page_mkclean() or +munmap() is provided. Therefore, flags to set at the call site are: :: + + FOLL_PIN + +...but rather than setting FOLL_PIN directly, call sites should use one of +the pin_user_pages*() routines that set FOLL_PIN. + +CASE 2: RDMA +------------ +There are GUP references to pages that are serving as DMA +buffers. These buffers are needed for a long time ("long term"). No special +synchronization with page_mkclean() or munmap() is provided. Therefore, flags +to set at the call site are: :: + + FOLL_PIN | FOLL_LONGTERM + +NOTE: Some pages, such as DAX pages, cannot be pinned with longterm pins. That's +because DAX pages do not have a separate page cache, and so "pinning" implies +locking down file system blocks, which is not (yet) supported in that way. + +CASE 3: Hardware with page faulting support +------------------------------------------- +Here, a well-written driver doesn't normally need to pin pages at all. However, +if the driver does choose to do so, it can register MMU notifiers for the range, +and will be called back upon invalidation. Either way (avoiding page pinning, or +using MMU notifiers to unpin upon request), there is proper synchronization with +both filesystem and mm (page_mkclean(), munmap(), etc). + +Therefore, neither flag needs to be set. + +In this case, ideally, neither get_user_pages() nor pin_user_pages() should be +called. Instead, the software should be written so that it does not pin pages. +This allows mm and filesystems to operate more efficiently and reliably. + +CASE 4: Pinning for struct page manipulation only +------------------------------------------------- +Here, normal GUP calls are sufficient, so neither flag needs to be set. + +page_dma_pinned(): the whole point of pinning +============================================= + +The whole point of marking pages as "DMA-pinned" or "gup-pinned" is to be able +to query, "is this page DMA-pinned?" That allows code such as page_mkclean() +(and file system writeback code in general) to make informed decisions about +what to do when a page cannot be unmapped due to such pins. + +What to do in those cases is the subject of a years-long series of discussions +and debates (see the References at the end of this document). It's a TODO item +here: fill in the details once that's worked out. Meanwhile, it's safe to say +that having this available: :: + + static inline bool page_dma_pinned(struct page *page) + +...is a prerequisite to solving the long-running gup+DMA problem. + +Another way of thinking about FOLL_GET, FOLL_PIN, and FOLL_LONGTERM +=================================================================== + +Another way of thinking about these flags is as a progression of restrictions: +FOLL_GET is for struct page manipulation, without affecting the data that the +struct page refers to. FOLL_PIN is a *replacement* for FOLL_GET, and is for +short term pins on pages whose data *will* get accessed. As such, FOLL_PIN is +a "more severe" form of pinning. And finally, FOLL_LONGTERM is an even more +restrictive case that has FOLL_PIN as a prerequisite: this is for pages that +will be pinned longterm, and whose data will be accessed. + +Unit testing +============ +This file:: + + tools/testing/selftests/vm/gup_benchmark.c + +has the following new calls to exercise the new pin*() wrapper functions: + +* PIN_FAST_BENCHMARK (./gup_benchmark -a) +* PIN_BENCHMARK (./gup_benchmark -b) + +You can monitor how many total dma-pinned pages have been acquired and released +since the system was booted, via two new /proc/vmstat entries: :: + + /proc/vmstat/nr_foll_pin_requested + /proc/vmstat/nr_foll_pin_requested + +Those are both going to show zero, unless CONFIG_DEBUG_VM is set. This is +because there is a noticeable performance drop in put_user_page(), when they +are activated. + +References +========== + +* `Some slow progress on get_user_pages() (Apr 2, 2019) <https://lwn.net/Articles/784574/>`_ +* `DMA and get_user_pages() (LPC: Dec 12, 2018) <https://lwn.net/Articles/774411/>`_ +* `The trouble with get_user_pages() (Apr 30, 2018) <https://lwn.net/Articles/753027/>`_ + +John Hubbard, October, 2019 diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h index 3b88618e361a..79ca557349c6 100644 --- a/include/linux/mm.h +++ b/include/linux/mm.h @@ -1042,16 +1042,14 @@ static inline void put_page(struct page *page) * put_user_page() - release a gup-pinned page * @page: pointer to page to be released * - * Pages that were pinned via get_user_pages*() must be released via - * either put_user_page(), or one of the put_user_pages*() routines - * below. This is so that eventually, pages that are pinned via - * get_user_pages*() can be separately tracked and uniquely handled. In - * particular, interactions with RDMA and filesystems need special - * handling. + * Pages that were pinned via pin_user_pages*() must be released via either + * put_user_page(), or one of the put_user_pages*() routines. This is so that + * eventually such pages can be separately tracked and uniquely handled. In + * particular, interactions with RDMA and filesystems need special handling. * * put_user_page() and put_page() are not interchangeable, despite this early * implementation that makes them look the same. put_user_page() calls must - * be perfectly matched up with get_user_page() calls. + * be perfectly matched up with pin*() calls. */ static inline void put_user_page(struct page *page) { @@ -1509,9 +1507,16 @@ long get_user_pages_remote(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, struct vm_area_struct **vmas, int *locked); +long pin_user_pages_remote(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm, + unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, + unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, + struct vm_area_struct **vmas, int *locked); long get_user_pages(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, struct vm_area_struct **vmas); +long pin_user_pages(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, + unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, + struct vm_area_struct **vmas); long get_user_pages_locked(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, int *locked); long get_user_pages_unlocked(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, @@ -1519,6 +1524,8 @@ long get_user_pages_unlocked(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, int get_user_pages_fast(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages); +int pin_user_pages_fast(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, + unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages); int account_locked_vm(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long pages, bool inc); int __account_locked_vm(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long pages, bool inc, @@ -2583,13 +2590,15 @@ struct page *follow_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address, #define FOLL_ANON 0x8000 /* don't do file mappings */ #define FOLL_LONGTERM 0x10000 /* mapping lifetime is indefinite: see below */ #define FOLL_SPLIT_PMD 0x20000 /* split huge pmd before returning */ +#define FOLL_PIN 0x40000 /* pages must be released via put_user_page() */ /* - * NOTE on FOLL_LONGTERM: + * FOLL_PIN and FOLL_LONGTERM may be used in various combinations with each + * other. Here is what they mean, and how to use them: * * FOLL_LONGTERM indicates that the page will be held for an indefinite time - * period _often_ under userspace control. This is contrasted with - * iov_iter_get_pages() where usages which are transient. + * period _often_ under userspace control. This is in contrast to + * iov_iter_get_pages(), whose usages are transient. * * FIXME: For pages which are part of a filesystem, mappings are subject to the * lifetime enforced by the filesystem and we need guarantees that longterm @@ -2604,11 +2613,39 @@ struct page *follow_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address, * Currently only get_user_pages() and get_user_pages_fast() support this flag * and calls to get_user_pages_[un]locked are specifically not allowed. This * is due to an incompatibility with the FS DAX check and - * FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY + * FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY. * - * In the CMA case: longterm pins in a CMA region would unnecessarily fragment - * that region. And so CMA attempts to migrate the page before pinning when + * In the CMA case: long term pins in a CMA region would unnecessarily fragment + * that region. And so, CMA attempts to migrate the page before pinning, when * FOLL_LONGTERM is specified. + * + * FOLL_PIN indicates that a special kind of tracking (not just page->_refcount, + * but an additional pin counting system) will be invoked. This is intended for + * anything that gets a page reference and then touches page data (for example, + * Direct IO). This lets the filesystem know that some non-file-system entity is + * potentially changing the pages' data. In contrast to FOLL_GET (whose pages + * are released via put_page()), FOLL_PIN pages must be released, ultimately, by + * a call to put_user_page(). + * + * FOLL_PIN is similar to FOLL_GET: both of these pin pages. They use different + * and separate refcounting mechanisms, however, and that means that each has + * its own acquire and release mechanisms: + * + * FOLL_GET: get_user_pages*() to acquire, and put_page() to release. + * + * FOLL_PIN: pin_user_pages*() to acquire, and put_user_pages to release. + * + * FOLL_PIN and FOLL_GET are mutually exclusive for a given function call. + * (The underlying pages may experience both FOLL_GET-based and FOLL_PIN-based + * calls applied to them, and that's perfectly OK. This is a constraint on the + * callers, not on the pages.) + * + * FOLL_PIN should be set internally by the pin_user_pages*() APIs, never + * directly by the caller. That's in order to help avoid mismatches when + * releasing pages: get_user_pages*() pages must be released via put_page(), + * while pin_user_pages*() pages must be released via put_user_page(). + * + * Please see Documentation/vm/pin_user_pages.rst for more information. */ static inline int vm_fault_to_errno(vm_fault_t vm_fault, int foll_flags) @@ -194,6 +194,10 @@ static struct page *follow_page_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma, spinlock_t *ptl; pte_t *ptep, pte; + /* FOLL_GET and FOLL_PIN are mutually exclusive. */ + if (WARN_ON_ONCE((flags & (FOLL_PIN | FOLL_GET)) == + (FOLL_PIN | FOLL_GET))) + return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL); retry: if (unlikely(pmd_bad(*pmd))) return no_page_table(vma, flags); @@ -811,7 +815,7 @@ static long __get_user_pages(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm, start = untagged_addr(start); - VM_BUG_ON(!!pages != !!(gup_flags & FOLL_GET)); + VM_BUG_ON(!!pages != !!(gup_flags & (FOLL_GET | FOLL_PIN))); /* * If FOLL_FORCE is set then do not force a full fault as the hinting @@ -1035,7 +1039,16 @@ static __always_inline long __get_user_pages_locked(struct task_struct *tsk, BUG_ON(*locked != 1); } - if (pages) + /* + * FOLL_PIN and FOLL_GET are mutually exclusive. Traditional behavior + * is to set FOLL_GET if the caller wants pages[] filled in (but has + * carelessly failed to specify FOLL_GET), so keep doing that, but only + * for FOLL_GET, not for the newer FOLL_PIN. + * + * FOLL_PIN always expects pages to be non-null, but no need to assert + * that here, as any failures will be obvious enough. + */ + if (pages && !(flags & FOLL_PIN)) flags |= FOLL_GET; pages_done = 0; @@ -1606,12 +1619,20 @@ static __always_inline long __gup_longterm_locked(struct task_struct *tsk, * should use get_user_pages because it cannot pass * FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY to handle_mm_fault. */ +#ifdef CONFIG_MMU long get_user_pages_remote(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, struct vm_area_struct **vmas, int *locked) { /* + * FOLL_PIN must only be set internally by the pin_user_pages*() APIs, + * never directly by the caller, so enforce that with an assertion: + */ + if (WARN_ON_ONCE(gup_flags & FOLL_PIN)) + return -EINVAL; + + /* * Parts of FOLL_LONGTERM behavior are incompatible with * FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY because of the FS DAX check requirement on * vmas. However, this only comes up if locked is set, and there are @@ -1636,6 +1657,16 @@ long get_user_pages_remote(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm, } EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_user_pages_remote); +#else /* CONFIG_MMU */ +long get_user_pages_remote(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm, + unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, + unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, + struct vm_area_struct **vmas, int *locked) +{ + return 0; +} +#endif /* !CONFIG_MMU */ + /* * This is the same as get_user_pages_remote(), just with a * less-flexible calling convention where we assume that the task @@ -1647,6 +1678,13 @@ long get_user_pages(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, struct vm_area_struct **vmas) { + /* + * FOLL_PIN must only be set internally by the pin_user_pages*() APIs, + * never directly by the caller, so enforce that with an assertion: + */ + if (WARN_ON_ONCE(gup_flags & FOLL_PIN)) + return -EINVAL; + return __gup_longterm_locked(current, current->mm, start, nr_pages, pages, vmas, gup_flags | FOLL_TOUCH); } @@ -2389,30 +2427,15 @@ static int __gup_longterm_unlocked(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, return ret; } -/** - * get_user_pages_fast() - pin user pages in memory - * @start: starting user address - * @nr_pages: number of pages from start to pin - * @gup_flags: flags modifying pin behaviour - * @pages: array that receives pointers to the pages pinned. - * Should be at least nr_pages long. - * - * Attempt to pin user pages in memory without taking mm->mmap_sem. - * If not successful, it will fall back to taking the lock and - * calling get_user_pages(). - * - * Returns number of pages pinned. This may be fewer than the number - * requested. If nr_pages is 0 or negative, returns 0. If no pages - * were pinned, returns -errno. - */ -int get_user_pages_fast(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, - unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages) +static int internal_get_user_pages_fast(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, + unsigned int gup_flags, + struct page **pages) { unsigned long addr, len, end; int nr = 0, ret = 0; if (WARN_ON_ONCE(gup_flags & ~(FOLL_WRITE | FOLL_LONGTERM | - FOLL_FORCE))) + FOLL_FORCE | FOLL_PIN))) return -EINVAL; start = untagged_addr(start) & PAGE_MASK; @@ -2452,4 +2475,103 @@ int get_user_pages_fast(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, return ret; } + +/** + * get_user_pages_fast() - pin user pages in memory + * @start: starting user address + * @nr_pages: number of pages from start to pin + * @gup_flags: flags modifying pin behaviour + * @pages: array that receives pointers to the pages pinned. + * Should be at least nr_pages long. + * + * Attempt to pin user pages in memory without taking mm->mmap_sem. + * If not successful, it will fall back to taking the lock and + * calling get_user_pages(). + * + * Returns number of pages pinned. This may be fewer than the number requested. + * If nr_pages is 0 or negative, returns 0. If no pages were pinned, returns + * -errno. + */ +int get_user_pages_fast(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, + unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages) +{ + /* + * FOLL_PIN must only be set internally by the pin_user_pages*() APIs, + * never directly by the caller, so enforce that: + */ + if (WARN_ON_ONCE(gup_flags & FOLL_PIN)) + return -EINVAL; + + return internal_get_user_pages_fast(start, nr_pages, gup_flags, pages); +} EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_user_pages_fast); + +/** + * pin_user_pages_fast() - pin user pages in memory without taking locks + * + * For now, this is a placeholder function, until various call sites are + * converted to use the correct get_user_pages*() or pin_user_pages*() API. So, + * this is identical to get_user_pages_fast(). + * + * This is intended for Case 1 (DIO) in Documentation/vm/pin_user_pages.rst. It + * is NOT intended for Case 2 (RDMA: long-term pins). + */ +int pin_user_pages_fast(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, + unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages) +{ + /* + * This is a placeholder, until the pin functionality is activated. + * Until then, just behave like the corresponding get_user_pages*() + * routine. + */ + return get_user_pages_fast(start, nr_pages, gup_flags, pages); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pin_user_pages_fast); + +/** + * pin_user_pages_remote() - pin pages of a remote process (task != current) + * + * For now, this is a placeholder function, until various call sites are + * converted to use the correct get_user_pages*() or pin_user_pages*() API. So, + * this is identical to get_user_pages_remote(). + * + * This is intended for Case 1 (DIO) in Documentation/vm/pin_user_pages.rst. It + * is NOT intended for Case 2 (RDMA: long-term pins). + */ +long pin_user_pages_remote(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm, + unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, + unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, + struct vm_area_struct **vmas, int *locked) +{ + /* + * This is a placeholder, until the pin functionality is activated. + * Until then, just behave like the corresponding get_user_pages*() + * routine. + */ + return get_user_pages_remote(tsk, mm, start, nr_pages, gup_flags, pages, + vmas, locked); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL(pin_user_pages_remote); + +/** + * pin_user_pages() - pin user pages in memory for use by other devices + * + * For now, this is a placeholder function, until various call sites are + * converted to use the correct get_user_pages*() or pin_user_pages*() API. So, + * this is identical to get_user_pages(). + * + * This is intended for Case 1 (DIO) in Documentation/vm/pin_user_pages.rst. It + * is NOT intended for Case 2 (RDMA: long-term pins). + */ +long pin_user_pages(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, + unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, + struct vm_area_struct **vmas) +{ + /* + * This is a placeholder, until the pin functionality is activated. + * Until then, just behave like the corresponding get_user_pages*() + * routine. + */ + return get_user_pages(start, nr_pages, gup_flags, pages, vmas); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL(pin_user_pages); |