Merge tag 'for-5.3/io_uring-20190711' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block

Pull io_uring updates from Jens Axboe:
 "This contains:

   - Support for recvmsg/sendmsg as first class opcodes.

     I don't envision going much further down this path, as there are
     plans in progress to support potentially any system call in an
     async fashion through io_uring. But I think it does make sense to
     have certain core ops available directly, especially those that can
     support a "try this non-blocking" flag/mode. (me)

   - Handle generic short reads automatically.

     This can happen fairly easily if parts of the buffered read is
     cached. Since the application needs to issue another request for
     the remainder, just do this internally and save kernel/user
     roundtrip while providing a nicer more robust API. (me)

   - Support for linked SQEs.

     This allows SQEs to depend on each other, enabling an application
     to eg queue a read-from-this-file,write-to-that-file pair. (me)

   - Fix race in stopping SQ thread (Jackie)"

* tag 'for-5.3/io_uring-20190711' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block:
  io_uring: fix io_sq_thread_stop running in front of io_sq_thread
  io_uring: add support for recvmsg()
  io_uring: add support for sendmsg()
  io_uring: add support for sqe links
  io_uring: punt short reads to async context
  uio: make import_iovec()/compat_import_iovec() return bytes on success

1 files changed, 281 insertions, 57 deletions

diff --git a/fs/io_uring.c b/fs/io_uring.c
index 4ed4b110a154..3fd884b4e0be 100644
--- a/fs/io_uring.c
+++ b/fs/io_uring.c
@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@ struct io_ring_ctx {
 	struct task_struct	*sqo_thread;	/* if using sq thread polling */
 	struct mm_struct	*sqo_mm;
 	wait_queue_head_t	sqo_wait;
+	struct completion	sqo_thread_started;
 
 	struct {
 		/* CQ ring */
@@ -322,6 +323,7 @@ struct io_kiocb {
 
 	struct io_ring_ctx	*ctx;
 	struct list_head	list;
+	struct list_head	link_list;
 	unsigned int		flags;
 	refcount_t		refs;
 #define REQ_F_NOWAIT		1	/* must not punt to workers */
@@ -330,8 +332,10 @@ struct io_kiocb {
 #define REQ_F_SEQ_PREV		8	/* sequential with previous */
 #define REQ_F_IO_DRAIN		16	/* drain existing IO first */
 #define REQ_F_IO_DRAINED	32	/* drain done */
+#define REQ_F_LINK		64	/* linked sqes */
+#define REQ_F_FAIL_LINK		128	/* fail rest of links */
 	u64			user_data;
-	u32			error;	/* iopoll result from callback */
+	u32			result;
 	u32			sequence;
 
 	struct work_struct	work;
@@ -403,6 +407,7 @@ static struct io_ring_ctx *io_ring_ctx_alloc(struct io_uring_params *p)
 	ctx->flags = p->flags;
 	init_waitqueue_head(&ctx->cq_wait);
 	init_completion(&ctx->ctx_done);
+	init_completion(&ctx->sqo_thread_started);
 	mutex_init(&ctx->uring_lock);
 	init_waitqueue_head(&ctx->wait);
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(ctx->pending_async); i++) {
@@ -584,6 +589,7 @@ static struct io_kiocb *io_get_req(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx,
 	req->flags = 0;
 	/* one is dropped after submission, the other at completion */
 	refcount_set(&req->refs, 2);
+	req->result = 0;
 	return req;
 out:
 	io_ring_drop_ctx_refs(ctx, 1);
@@ -599,7 +605,7 @@ static void io_free_req_many(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, void **reqs, int *nr)
 	}
 }
 
-static void io_free_req(struct io_kiocb *req)
+static void __io_free_req(struct io_kiocb *req)
 {
 	if (req->file && !(req->flags & REQ_F_FIXED_FILE))
 		fput(req->file);
@@ -607,6 +613,63 @@ static void io_free_req(struct io_kiocb *req)
 	kmem_cache_free(req_cachep, req);
 }
 
+static void io_req_link_next(struct io_kiocb *req)
+{
+	struct io_kiocb *nxt;
+
+	/*
+	 * The list should never be empty when we are called here. But could
+	 * potentially happen if the chain is messed up, check to be on the
+	 * safe side.
+	 */
+	nxt = list_first_entry_or_null(&req->link_list, struct io_kiocb, list);
+	if (nxt) {
+		list_del(&nxt->list);
+		if (!list_empty(&req->link_list)) {
+			INIT_LIST_HEAD(&nxt->link_list);
+			list_splice(&req->link_list, &nxt->link_list);
+			nxt->flags |= REQ_F_LINK;
+		}
+
+		INIT_WORK(&nxt->work, io_sq_wq_submit_work);
+		queue_work(req->ctx->sqo_wq, &nxt->work);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Called if REQ_F_LINK is set, and we fail the head request
+ */
+static void io_fail_links(struct io_kiocb *req)
+{
+	struct io_kiocb *link;
+
+	while (!list_empty(&req->link_list)) {
+		link = list_first_entry(&req->link_list, struct io_kiocb, list);
+		list_del(&link->list);
+
+		io_cqring_add_event(req->ctx, link->user_data, -ECANCELED);
+		__io_free_req(link);
+	}
+}
+
+static void io_free_req(struct io_kiocb *req)
+{
+	/*
+	 * If LINK is set, we have dependent requests in this chain. If we
+	 * didn't fail this request, queue the first one up, moving any other
+	 * dependencies to the next request. In case of failure, fail the rest
+	 * of the chain.
+	 */
+	if (req->flags & REQ_F_LINK) {
+		if (req->flags & REQ_F_FAIL_LINK)
+			io_fail_links(req);
+		else
+			io_req_link_next(req);
+	}
+
+	__io_free_req(req);
+}
+
 static void io_put_req(struct io_kiocb *req)
 {
 	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&req->refs))
@@ -628,16 +691,17 @@ static void io_iopoll_complete(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, unsigned int *nr_events,
 		req = list_first_entry(done, struct io_kiocb, list);
 		list_del(&req->list);
 
-		io_cqring_fill_event(ctx, req->user_data, req->error);
+		io_cqring_fill_event(ctx, req->user_data, req->result);
 		(*nr_events)++;
 
 		if (refcount_dec_and_test(&req->refs)) {
 			/* If we're not using fixed files, we have to pair the
 			 * completion part with the file put. Use regular
 			 * completions for those, only batch free for fixed
-			 * file.
+			 * file and non-linked commands.
 			 */
-			if (req->flags & REQ_F_FIXED_FILE) {
+			if ((req->flags & (REQ_F_FIXED_FILE|REQ_F_LINK)) ==
+			    REQ_F_FIXED_FILE) {
 				reqs[to_free++] = req;
 				if (to_free == ARRAY_SIZE(reqs))
 					io_free_req_many(ctx, reqs, &to_free);
@@ -776,6 +840,8 @@ static void io_complete_rw(struct kiocb *kiocb, long res, long res2)
 
 	kiocb_end_write(kiocb);
 
+	if ((req->flags & REQ_F_LINK) && res != req->result)
+		req->flags |= REQ_F_FAIL_LINK;
 	io_cqring_add_event(req->ctx, req->user_data, res);
 	io_put_req(req);
 }
@@ -786,7 +852,9 @@ static void io_complete_rw_iopoll(struct kiocb *kiocb, long res, long res2)
 
 	kiocb_end_write(kiocb);
 
-	req->error = res;
+	if ((req->flags & REQ_F_LINK) && res != req->result)
+		req->flags |= REQ_F_FAIL_LINK;
+	req->result = res;
 	if (res != -EAGAIN)
 		req->flags |= REQ_F_IOPOLL_COMPLETED;
 }
@@ -929,7 +997,6 @@ static int io_prep_rw(struct io_kiocb *req, const struct sqe_submit *s,
 		    !kiocb->ki_filp->f_op->iopoll)
 			return -EOPNOTSUPP;
 
-		req->error = 0;
 		kiocb->ki_flags |= IOCB_HIPRI;
 		kiocb->ki_complete = io_complete_rw_iopoll;
 	} else {
@@ -1001,9 +1068,9 @@ static int io_import_fixed(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, int rw,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int io_import_iovec(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, int rw,
-			   const struct sqe_submit *s, struct iovec **iovec,
-			   struct iov_iter *iter)
+static ssize_t io_import_iovec(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, int rw,
+			       const struct sqe_submit *s, struct iovec **iovec,
+			       struct iov_iter *iter)
 {
 	const struct io_uring_sqe *sqe = s->sqe;
 	void __user *buf = u64_to_user_ptr(READ_ONCE(sqe->addr));
@@ -1021,7 +1088,7 @@ static int io_import_iovec(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, int rw,
 	opcode = READ_ONCE(sqe->opcode);
 	if (opcode == IORING_OP_READ_FIXED ||
 	    opcode == IORING_OP_WRITE_FIXED) {
-		int ret = io_import_fixed(ctx, rw, sqe, iter);
+		ssize_t ret = io_import_fixed(ctx, rw, sqe, iter);
 		*iovec = NULL;
 		return ret;
 	}
@@ -1087,7 +1154,7 @@ static int io_read(struct io_kiocb *req, const struct sqe_submit *s,
 	struct iov_iter iter;
 	struct file *file;
 	size_t iov_count;
-	int ret;
+	ssize_t read_size, ret;
 
 	ret = io_prep_rw(req, s, force_nonblock);
 	if (ret)
@@ -1100,16 +1167,30 @@ static int io_read(struct io_kiocb *req, const struct sqe_submit *s,
 		return -EINVAL;
 
 	ret = io_import_iovec(req->ctx, READ, s, &iovec, &iter);
-	if (ret)
+	if (ret < 0)
 		return ret;
 
+	read_size = ret;
+	if (req->flags & REQ_F_LINK)
+		req->result = read_size;
+
 	iov_count = iov_iter_count(&iter);
 	ret = rw_verify_area(READ, file, &kiocb->ki_pos, iov_count);
 	if (!ret) {
 		ssize_t ret2;
 
-		/* Catch -EAGAIN return for forced non-blocking submission */
 		ret2 = call_read_iter(file, kiocb, &iter);
+		/*
+		 * In case of a short read, punt to async. This can happen
+		 * if we have data partially cached. Alternatively we can
+		 * return the short read, in which case the application will
+		 * need to issue another SQE and wait for it. That SQE will
+		 * need async punt anyway, so it's more efficient to do it
+		 * here.
+		 */
+		if (force_nonblock && ret2 > 0 && ret2 < read_size)
+			ret2 = -EAGAIN;
+		/* Catch -EAGAIN return for forced non-blocking submission */
 		if (!force_nonblock || ret2 != -EAGAIN) {
 			io_rw_done(kiocb, ret2);
 		} else {
@@ -1134,7 +1215,7 @@ static int io_write(struct io_kiocb *req, const struct sqe_submit *s,
 	struct iov_iter iter;
 	struct file *file;
 	size_t iov_count;
-	int ret;
+	ssize_t ret;
 
 	ret = io_prep_rw(req, s, force_nonblock);
 	if (ret)
@@ -1147,9 +1228,12 @@ static int io_write(struct io_kiocb *req, const struct sqe_submit *s,
 		return -EINVAL;
 
 	ret = io_import_iovec(req->ctx, WRITE, s, &iovec, &iter);
-	if (ret)
+	if (ret < 0)
 		return ret;
 
+	if (req->flags & REQ_F_LINK)
+		req->result = ret;
+
 	iov_count = iov_iter_count(&iter);
 
 	ret = -EAGAIN;
@@ -1253,6 +1337,8 @@ static int io_fsync(struct io_kiocb *req, const struct io_uring_sqe *sqe,
 				end > 0 ? end : LLONG_MAX,
 				fsync_flags & IORING_FSYNC_DATASYNC);
 
+	if (ret < 0 && (req->flags & REQ_F_LINK))
+		req->flags |= REQ_F_FAIL_LINK;
 	io_cqring_add_event(req->ctx, sqe->user_data, ret);
 	io_put_req(req);
 	return 0;
@@ -1297,11 +1383,70 @@ static int io_sync_file_range(struct io_kiocb *req,
 
 	ret = sync_file_range(req->rw.ki_filp, sqe_off, sqe_len, flags);
 
+	if (ret < 0 && (req->flags & REQ_F_LINK))
+		req->flags |= REQ_F_FAIL_LINK;
 	io_cqring_add_event(req->ctx, sqe->user_data, ret);
 	io_put_req(req);
 	return 0;
 }
 
+#if defined(CONFIG_NET)
+static int io_send_recvmsg(struct io_kiocb *req, const struct io_uring_sqe *sqe,
+			   bool force_nonblock,
+		   long (*fn)(struct socket *, struct user_msghdr __user *,
+				unsigned int))
+{
+	struct socket *sock;
+	int ret;
+
+	if (unlikely(req->ctx->flags & IORING_SETUP_IOPOLL))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	sock = sock_from_file(req->file, &ret);
+	if (sock) {
+		struct user_msghdr __user *msg;
+		unsigned flags;
+
+		flags = READ_ONCE(sqe->msg_flags);
+		if (flags & MSG_DONTWAIT)
+			req->flags |= REQ_F_NOWAIT;
+		else if (force_nonblock)
+			flags |= MSG_DONTWAIT;
+
+		msg = (struct user_msghdr __user *) (unsigned long)
+			READ_ONCE(sqe->addr);
+
+		ret = fn(sock, msg, flags);
+		if (force_nonblock && ret == -EAGAIN)
+			return ret;
+	}
+
+	io_cqring_add_event(req->ctx, sqe->user_data, ret);
+	io_put_req(req);
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int io_sendmsg(struct io_kiocb *req, const struct io_uring_sqe *sqe,
+		      bool force_nonblock)
+{
+#if defined(CONFIG_NET)
+	return io_send_recvmsg(req, sqe, force_nonblock, __sys_sendmsg_sock);
+#else
+	return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+#endif
+}
+
+static int io_recvmsg(struct io_kiocb *req, const struct io_uring_sqe *sqe,
+		      bool force_nonblock)
+{
+#if defined(CONFIG_NET)
+	return io_send_recvmsg(req, sqe, force_nonblock, __sys_recvmsg_sock);
+#else
+	return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+#endif
+}
+
 static void io_poll_remove_one(struct io_kiocb *req)
 {
 	struct io_poll_iocb *poll = &req->poll;
@@ -1549,9 +1694,10 @@ static int __io_submit_sqe(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, struct io_kiocb *req,
 {
 	int ret, opcode;
 
+	req->user_data = READ_ONCE(s->sqe->user_data);
+
 	if (unlikely(s->index >= ctx->sq_entries))
 		return -EINVAL;
-	req->user_data = READ_ONCE(s->sqe->user_data);
 
 	opcode = READ_ONCE(s->sqe->opcode);
 	switch (opcode) {
@@ -1586,6 +1732,12 @@ static int __io_submit_sqe(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, struct io_kiocb *req,
 	case IORING_OP_SYNC_FILE_RANGE:
 		ret = io_sync_file_range(req, s->sqe, force_nonblock);
 		break;
+	case IORING_OP_SENDMSG:
+		ret = io_sendmsg(req, s->sqe, force_nonblock);
+		break;
+	case IORING_OP_RECVMSG:
+		ret = io_recvmsg(req, s->sqe, force_nonblock);
+		break;
 	default:
 		ret = -EINVAL;
 		break;
@@ -1595,7 +1747,7 @@ static int __io_submit_sqe(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, struct io_kiocb *req,
 		return ret;
 
 	if (ctx->flags & IORING_SETUP_IOPOLL) {
-		if (req->error == -EAGAIN)
+		if (req->result == -EAGAIN)
 			return -EAGAIN;
 
 		/* workqueue context doesn't hold uring_lock, grab it now */
@@ -1819,31 +1971,11 @@ static int io_req_set_file(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, const struct sqe_submit *s,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int io_submit_sqe(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, struct sqe_submit *s,
-			 struct io_submit_state *state)
+static int io_queue_sqe(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, struct io_kiocb *req,
+			struct sqe_submit *s)
 {
-	struct io_kiocb *req;
 	int ret;
 
-	/* enforce forwards compatibility on users */
-	if (unlikely(s->sqe->flags & ~(IOSQE_FIXED_FILE | IOSQE_IO_DRAIN)))
-		return -EINVAL;
-
-	req = io_get_req(ctx, state);
-	if (unlikely(!req))
-		return -EAGAIN;
-
-	ret = io_req_set_file(ctx, s, state, req);
-	if (unlikely(ret))
-		goto out;
-
-	ret = io_req_defer(ctx, req, s->sqe);
-	if (ret) {
-		if (ret == -EIOCBQUEUED)
-			ret = 0;
-		return ret;
-	}
-
 	ret = __io_submit_sqe(ctx, req, s, true);
 	if (ret == -EAGAIN && !(req->flags & REQ_F_NOWAIT)) {
 		struct io_uring_sqe *sqe_copy;
@@ -1866,24 +1998,93 @@ static int io_submit_sqe(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, struct sqe_submit *s,
 
 			/*
 			 * Queued up for async execution, worker will release
-			 * submit reference when the iocb is actually
-			 * submitted.
+			 * submit reference when the iocb is actually submitted.
 			 */
 			return 0;
 		}
 	}
 
-out:
 	/* drop submission reference */
 	io_put_req(req);
 
 	/* and drop final reference, if we failed */
-	if (ret)
+	if (ret) {
+		io_cqring_add_event(ctx, req->user_data, ret);
+		if (req->flags & REQ_F_LINK)
+			req->flags |= REQ_F_FAIL_LINK;
 		io_put_req(req);
+	}
 
 	return ret;
 }
 
+#define SQE_VALID_FLAGS	(IOSQE_FIXED_FILE|IOSQE_IO_DRAIN|IOSQE_IO_LINK)
+
+static void io_submit_sqe(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, struct sqe_submit *s,
+			  struct io_submit_state *state, struct io_kiocb **link)
+{
+	struct io_uring_sqe *sqe_copy;
+	struct io_kiocb *req;
+	int ret;
+
+	/* enforce forwards compatibility on users */
+	if (unlikely(s->sqe->flags & ~SQE_VALID_FLAGS)) {
+		ret = -EINVAL;
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+	req = io_get_req(ctx, state);
+	if (unlikely(!req)) {
+		ret = -EAGAIN;
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+	ret = io_req_set_file(ctx, s, state, req);
+	if (unlikely(ret)) {
+err_req:
+		io_free_req(req);
+err:
+		io_cqring_add_event(ctx, s->sqe->user_data, ret);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	ret = io_req_defer(ctx, req, s->sqe);
+	if (ret) {
+		if (ret != -EIOCBQUEUED)
+			goto err_req;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If we already have a head request, queue this one for async
+	 * submittal once the head completes. If we don't have a head but
+	 * IOSQE_IO_LINK is set in the sqe, start a new head. This one will be
+	 * submitted sync once the chain is complete. If none of those
+	 * conditions are true (normal request), then just queue it.
+	 */
+	if (*link) {
+		struct io_kiocb *prev = *link;
+
+		sqe_copy = kmemdup(s->sqe, sizeof(*sqe_copy), GFP_KERNEL);
+		if (!sqe_copy) {
+			ret = -EAGAIN;
+			goto err_req;
+		}
+
+		s->sqe = sqe_copy;
+		memcpy(&req->submit, s, sizeof(*s));
+		list_add_tail(&req->list, &prev->link_list);
+	} else if (s->sqe->flags & IOSQE_IO_LINK) {
+		req->flags |= REQ_F_LINK;
+
+		memcpy(&req->submit, s, sizeof(*s));
+		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&req->link_list);
+		*link = req;
+	} else {
+		io_queue_sqe(ctx, req, s);
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Batched submission is done, ensure local IO is flushed out.
  */
@@ -1966,7 +2167,9 @@ static int io_submit_sqes(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, struct sqe_submit *sqes,
 			  unsigned int nr, bool has_user, bool mm_fault)
 {
 	struct io_submit_state state, *statep = NULL;
-	int ret, i, submitted = 0;
+	struct io_kiocb *link = NULL;
+	bool prev_was_link = false;
+	int i, submitted = 0;
 
 	if (nr > IO_PLUG_THRESHOLD) {
 		io_submit_state_start(&state, ctx, nr);
@@ -1974,22 +2177,30 @@ static int io_submit_sqes(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, struct sqe_submit *sqes,
 	}
 
 	for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
+		/*
+		 * If previous wasn't linked and we have a linked command,
+		 * that's the end of the chain. Submit the previous link.
+		 */
+		if (!prev_was_link && link) {
+			io_queue_sqe(ctx, link, &link->submit);
+			link = NULL;
+		}
+		prev_was_link = (sqes[i].sqe->flags & IOSQE_IO_LINK) != 0;
+
 		if (unlikely(mm_fault)) {
-			ret = -EFAULT;
+			io_cqring_add_event(ctx, sqes[i].sqe->user_data,
+						-EFAULT);
 		} else {
 			sqes[i].has_user = has_user;
 			sqes[i].needs_lock = true;
 			sqes[i].needs_fixed_file = true;
-			ret = io_submit_sqe(ctx, &sqes[i], statep);
-		}
-		if (!ret) {
+			io_submit_sqe(ctx, &sqes[i], statep, &link);
 			submitted++;
-			continue;
 		}
-
-		io_cqring_add_event(ctx, sqes[i].sqe->user_data, ret);
 	}
 
+	if (link)
+		io_queue_sqe(ctx, link, &link->submit);
 	if (statep)
 		io_submit_state_end(&state);
 
@@ -2006,6 +2217,8 @@ static int io_sq_thread(void *data)
 	unsigned inflight;
 	unsigned long timeout;
 
+	complete(&ctx->sqo_thread_started);
+
 	old_fs = get_fs();
 	set_fs(USER_DS);
 
@@ -2130,6 +2343,8 @@ static int io_sq_thread(void *data)
 static int io_ring_submit(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, unsigned int to_submit)
 {
 	struct io_submit_state state, *statep = NULL;
+	struct io_kiocb *link = NULL;
+	bool prev_was_link = false;
 	int i, submit = 0;
 
 	if (to_submit > IO_PLUG_THRESHOLD) {
@@ -2139,22 +2354,30 @@ static int io_ring_submit(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx, unsigned int to_submit)
 
 	for (i = 0; i < to_submit; i++) {
 		struct sqe_submit s;
-		int ret;
 
 		if (!io_get_sqring(ctx, &s))
 			break;
 
+		/*
+		 * If previous wasn't linked and we have a linked command,
+		 * that's the end of the chain. Submit the previous link.
+		 */
+		if (!prev_was_link && link) {
+			io_queue_sqe(ctx, link, &link->submit);
+			link = NULL;
+		}
+		prev_was_link = (s.sqe->flags & IOSQE_IO_LINK) != 0;
+
 		s.has_user = true;
 		s.needs_lock = false;
 		s.needs_fixed_file = false;
 		submit++;
-
-		ret = io_submit_sqe(ctx, &s, statep);
-		if (ret)
-			io_cqring_add_event(ctx, s.sqe->user_data, ret);
+		io_submit_sqe(ctx, &s, statep, &link);
 	}
 	io_commit_sqring(ctx);
 
+	if (link)
+		io_queue_sqe(ctx, link, &link->submit);
 	if (statep)
 		io_submit_state_end(statep);
 
@@ -2240,6 +2463,7 @@ static int io_sqe_files_unregister(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx)
 static void io_sq_thread_stop(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	if (ctx->sqo_thread) {
+		wait_for_completion(&ctx->sqo_thread_started);
 		/*
 		 * The park is a bit of a work-around, without it we get
 		 * warning spews on shutdown with SQPOLL set and affinity